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The second level. Beneath these observable phenomena lie values and beliefs and the professed culture, which give the behaviour and attitudes their special meaning and significance. For example, the design of office space may imply status and honour, or reflect the importance of privacy within a culture: it 'means' more than the observable features. Values and beliefs may be overtly expressed in slogans or the mission statement.
The third level. Beneath values and beliefs lie assumptions: foundational ideas ('unspoken rules') that are no longer consciously recognized or questioned by the culture, but which 'program' its ways of thinking and behaving.

14. 
    Job enrichment (vertical or horizontal)
    

Job enrichment (vertical job enlargement) - this is a deliberate, planned process to improve the responsibility, challenge and creativity of a job. It involves giving an employee a greater level of responsibility and autonomy within their job – often involving problem solving or delegation. For instance, an accountant who is currently responsible for producing quarterly management accounts could have their role enriched so that they also have to submit and explain them to senior management. The accountant could also be made responsible for dealing with any unexpected variances that have arisen.
Question will be like this:
Which of the following reflects the nature of job enrichment?

• 
  Sequential extension of the job
  
• 
  Horizontal extension of the job
  
• 
  Temporal extension of the job
  
• 
  Vertical extension of the job
  

15. 
    Constitutes fraud
    

Money laundering - constitutes any financial transactions whose purpose is to conceal the origins of the proceeds of criminal activity.
Ponzi (pyramid) schemes - is a fraudulent investment offer that involves paying abnormally high returns to early investors out of the new money paid in by subsequent investors, rather than from any genuine underlying business. Charles Ponzi emigrated to America in 1903 and set up his savings scheme in Boston offering 50% interest in 45 days, or ‘double your money’ in 90 days. About 40,000 people sent him a total of $15m for the scheme. When it inevitably collapsed, only about $5m was returned to the investors. The lesson to learn is that if a scheme looks ‘too good to be true’ then it probably is. You should only invest in schemes where you understand the underlying business rationale of the investment. Modern Ponzi schemes use financial jargon to confuse potential investors, claiming to earn their huge profits by ‘hedge futures trading’ or ‘global currency arbitrage’ or similar. Often there is no underlying business at all, and the scheme will always collapse in the end, usually with the initial promoters vanishing with all the assets of the scheme. A more recent example of a Ponzi scheme was that perpetrated by Bernie Madoff, which is thought to be the largest financial fraud in the history of the US, with losses amounting to around $65bn.