economy. In other words, the degree of country’s financial integration as well as the pace and
the sequencing of the removal of capital restrictions play a crucial role in preventing and
mitigating crisis. For this reason, the cautious attitude towards capital account liberalization,
which takes into the account the countries’ starting conditions and adjusts the liberalization
strategy to macroeconomic development, is probably the most appropriate approach.
During last fifteen years, the Community of Independent States (CIS) made enormous
progress towards integration with world economy. Many of these countries have experienced
large foreign exchange inflows in recent years. The benefits of strong inflows are quite
obvious. Although foreign exchange inflows offer opportunities for countries to complete
their economic transition and to speed up economic development as investment is no longer
limited by national savings; and in some cases the international capital inflows can ease
countries’ foreign exchange shortages.
However, in spite of their benefits, the strong capital inflows can also have less
desirable effects on the financial sector and, therefore, can create serious problems for policy
makers. For instance, in the context of incomplete structural reforms, international capital
flows carry considerable risks and may magnify underlying macroeconomic and structural
weaknesses. If the country receiving the large foreign inflows has a weak institutional
framework, there is a high risk that foreign inflows will be misallocated and, consequently,
have a potentially negative impact on the financial sector and on the real economy. Besides,
“large capital inflows have been associated with rapid credit expansion and riskier lending
practices in many countries. Large inflows can also lead to significant nominal appreciation
of the exchange rate, resulting in a loss of competitiveness of domestic products and
deterioration in the debt servicing capacity of clients in the internationally exposed sectors
and thus in the quality of banks’ balance sheets” (W. Buiter and A. Taci, 2003).
Furthermore, risks associated with capital inflows include also the sudden (unexpected
and large-scale) stop or reversal of some type of flows, particularly short-term inflows. The
2
Among partisans of financial liberalization, we can find the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, B.
Eichengreen (2001), M. Obstfeld and K. Rogoff (1998), M. Klein and G. Olivei (1999), and others.
4
sudden stop problem, firstly emphasized by G. Calvo (1998), features a cessation in foreign
capital inflows and/or a sharp capital outflows concurrently with currency/balance of
payments crisis. “Sudden stops may have severe consequences for the economy, as the abrupt
reversal in foreign capital inflows in conjunction with a realignment of the exchange rate may
cause a sharp drop in domestic investment, domestic production and employment”, (M.M.
Hutchison and I. Noy, 2006). Besides, if an economy relies heavily on foreign exchange
inflows, which suddenly stop or reverse there will be a sudden shortage of foreign exchange
to finance imports, as well as a dramatic decline in domestic demand. Combined, these could
produce both a currency crisis, with huge swings in exchange rates, and as a consequence a
recession.
Moreover, in time of crisis, countries with original sin
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