C H A P T E R 9
A P P L I C AT I O N : I N T E R N AT I O N A L T R A D E
1 9 1
This analysis should seem somewhat familiar. Indeed,
if you compare the
analysis of import quotas in Figure 9-7 with the analysis of tariffs in Figure 9-6, you
will see that they are essentially identical.
Both tariffs and import quotas raise the do-
mestic price of the good, reduce the welfare of domestic consumers, increase the welfare of
domestic producers, and cause deadweight losses.
There is only one difference between
these two types of trade restriction: A tariff raises revenue for the government
(area E in Figure 9-6), whereas an import quota creates
surplus for license holders
(area E'
⫹
E'' in Figure 9-7).
Tariffs and import quotas can be made to look even more similar. Suppose that
the government tries to capture the license-holder surplus for itself by charging a
fee for the licenses. A license to sell 1 ton of steel is worth exactly the difference be-
tween the Isolandian price of steel and the world price, and the government can
set the license fee as high as this price differential. If the government does this, the
license fee for imports works exactly like a tariff: Consumer surplus, producer sur-
plus, and government revenue are exactly the same under the two policies.
In practice, however, countries that restrict trade with import quotas rarely do
so by selling the import licenses. For example, the U.S. government has at times
pressured Japan to “voluntarily” limit the sale of Japanese cars in the United
States. In this case, the Japanese government allocates the import licenses to Japan-
ese firms, and the surplus from these licenses (area E'
⫹
E'') accrues to those firms.
This kind of import quota is, from the standpoint of U.S. welfare, strictly worse
than a U.S. tariff on imported cars. Both a tariff and an import quota raise prices,
restrict trade, and cause deadweight losses, but at least the tariff produces revenue
for the U.S. government rather than for Japanese auto companies.
Although in our analysis so far import quotas and tariffs appear to cause sim-
ilar deadweight losses, a quota can potentially cause an even larger deadweight
loss, depending on the mechanism used to allocate the import licenses. Suppose
that when Isoland imposes a quota, everyone understands that the licenses will go
to those who spend the most resources lobbying the Isolandian government. In
this case, there is an implicit license fee—the cost of lobbying. The revenues from
this fee, however, rather than being collected by the government, are spent on lob-
bying expenses. The deadweight losses from this type of quota include not only
the losses from overproduction (area D) and underconsumption (area F) but also
whatever part of the license-holder surplus (area E'
⫹
E'') is wasted on the cost of
lobbying.
T H E L E S S O N S F O R T R A D E P O L I C Y
The team of Isolandian economists can now write to the new president:
Dear
Madam President,
You asked us three questions about opening up trade. After much
hard work, we have the answers.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: