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[N. Gregory(N. Gregory Mankiw) Mankiw] Principles (BookFi)

import quota
—a limit on
the quantity of imports. In particular, imagine that the Isolandian government dis-
tributes a limited number of import licenses. Each license gives the license holder
the right to import 1 ton of steel into Isoland from abroad. The Isolandian econo-
mists want to compare welfare under a policy of free trade and welfare with the
addition of this import quota.
Figure 9-7 shows how an import quota affects the Isolandian market for steel.
Because the import quota prevents Isolandians from buying as much steel as they
want from abroad, the supply of steel is no longer perfectly elastic at the world
price. Instead, as long as the price of steel in Isoland is above the world price, the
license holders import as much as they are permitted, and the total supply of steel
in Isoland equals the domestic supply plus the quota amount. That is, the supply
curve above the world price is shifted to the right by exactly the amount of the
quota. (The supply curve below the world price does not shift because, in this case,
importing is not profitable for the license holders.)
The price of steel in Isoland adjusts to balance supply (domestic plus im-
ported) and demand. As the figure shows, the quota causes the price of steel to rise
above the world price. The domestic quantity demanded falls from 
Q
1
D
to 
Q
2
D
, and
the domestic quantity supplied rises from 
Q
1
S
to 
Q
2
S
. Not surprisingly, the import
quota reduces steel imports.
Now consider the gains and losses from the quota. Because the quota raises
the domestic price above the world price, domestic sellers are better off, and do-
mestic buyers are worse off. In addition, the license holders are better off because
they make a profit from buying at the world price and selling at the higher
domestic price. To measure these gains and losses, we look at the changes in
consumer surplus, producer surplus, and license-holder surplus, as shown in
Table 9-4.
Before the government imposes the quota, the domestic price equals the world
price. Consumer surplus, the area between the demand curve and the world price,
is area A







E' 

E''

F. Producer surplus, the area between the sup-
ply curve and the world price, is area G. The surplus of license holders equals zero
because there are no licenses. Total surplus, the sum of consumer, producer, and
license-holder surplus, is area A







E' 

E'' 



G.
After the government imposes the import quota and issues the licenses, the
domestic price exceeds the world price. Domestic consumers get surplus equal to
area A

B, and domestic producers get surplus equal to area C 

G. The license
holders make a profit on each unit imported equal to the difference between the
i m p o r t q u o t a
a limit on the quantity of a good that
can be produced abroad and sold
domestically


1 9 0
PA R T T H R E E
S U P P LY A N D D E M A N D I I : M A R K E T S A N D W E L FA R E
Isolandian price of steel and the world price. Their surplus equals this price dif-
ferential times the quantity of imports. Thus, it equals the area of the rectangle
E'

E''. Total surplus with the quota is the area A





E' 

E'' 

G.
To see how total welfare changes with the imposition of the quota, we add the
change in consumer surplus (which is negative), the change in producer surplus
(positive), and the change in license-holder surplus (positive). We find that total
surplus in the market decreases by the area D 

F. This area represents the dead-
weight loss of the import quota.
D
E

E

F
C
G
B
A
Price
of Steel
0
Quantity
of Steel
Domestic
supply
Domestic
supply

Import supply
Domestic
demand
Isolandian
price with
quota
Imports
without quota
Equilibrium
with quota
Equilibrium
without trade
Quota
World
price
Price
without
quota
World
price
Imports
with quota
2
Q
S
1
Q
S
2
Q
D
1
Q
D

F i g u r e 9 - 7
T
HE
E
FFECTS OF AN
I
MPORT
Q
UOTA
.
An import quota, like
a tariff, reduces the quantity of
imports and moves a market
closer to the equilibrium that
would exist without trade. Total
surplus falls by an amount equal
to area D 

F. These two triangles
represent the deadweight loss
from the quota. In addition, the
import quota transfers E' 

E'' to
whoever holds the import
licenses.
Ta b l e 9 - 4

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