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[N. Gregory(N. Gregory Mankiw) Mankiw] Principles (BookFi)

B
EFORE
T
ARIFF
A
FTER
T
ARIFF
C
HANGE
Consumer Surplus
A









F
A

B

(C 





F)
Producer Surplus
G


G

C
Government Revenue
None
E

E
Total Surplus
A











G
A







G

(D 

F)
C
HANGES IN
W
ELFARE FROM A
T
ARIFF
.
The table compares economic welfare when
trade is unrestricted and when trade is restricted with a tariff. Letters refer to the regions
marked in Figure 9-6.
The area D 

F shows the fall in total surplus and represents the deadweight loss of the tariff.


C H A P T E R 9
A P P L I C AT I O N : I N T E R N AT I O N A L T R A D E
1 8 9
It is not surprising that a tariff causes a deadweight loss, because a tariff is a
type of tax. Like any tax on the sale of a good, it distorts incentives and pushes the
allocation of scarce resources away from the optimum. In this case, we can identify
two effects. First, the tariff on steel raises the price of steel that domestic producers
can charge above the world price and, as a result, encourages them to increase pro-
duction of steel (from 
Q
1
S
to 
Q
2
S
). Second, the tariff raises the price that domestic
steel buyers have to pay and, therefore, encourages them to reduce consumption
of steel (from 
Q
1
D
to 
Q
2
D
). Area D represents the deadweight loss from the overpro-
duction of steel, and area F represents the deadweight loss from the undercon-
sumption. The total deadweight loss of the tariff is the sum of these two triangles.
T H E E F F E C T S O F A N I M P O R T Q U O TA
The Isolandian economists next consider the effects of an 

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