Figure 7.9: Position of vocatives in TravCorp
Similarly to SettCorp, final position vocatives are the most common (100
occurrences), accounting for 67% of all vocatives used. Stand alone vocatives (19)
occupy position two followed by initial (18) and medial position (12). An
examination of the breakdown of the distribution of functions in Figure 7.10 also
shows similar patterns to SettCorp:
Figure 7.10: Distribution of final position vocatives in TravCorp
100
19
18
12
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
50
20
12
8
8
2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
207
Mitigators are the most common final placed vocatives with 50 occurrences. This
accounts for 82% of vocatives used in relation to face concerns in TravCorp and,
when coupled with the results from SettCorp (76% of all mitigators are final position
vocatives), demonstrates the strong connection between this position and attention to
face. This finding echoes that of the relationship between the position and function
of
now
explored in Section 6.2, again pointing towards the connection between final
position and attention to issues of power, control and threat to face within the family
CofP. The relational and badinage functions also score highly in final position
(consistent with Leech, 1999 who found that final position vocatives were primarily
associated with the maintenance and reinforcement of social relationships), as does
turn management. Again, the topic management function is almost completely final
position with 12 out of 13 occurrences. The summons function accounts for only 8
occurrences in the final position. Instead, as in SettCorp, it dominates stand alone
vocatives, summons accounts for all 19 occurrences, and initial position where it
accounts for 66% of all occurrences (again consistent with Leech’s 1999 findings).
7.6 Conclusion
The analysis of vocative form, function and position in SettCorp and TravCorp
predictably unearthed some parallels and divergences between the two pragmatic
systems. In relation to vocative form, it was found that first name vocatives are most
frequent in SettCorp, and kin titles are the most frequent vocative form in TravCorp.
This difference in preference reflects the fundamental impact of the macro-social
factors of
ethnicity
and
socio-economic status
on both families. On the one hand, the
settled parents wish to instil a measure of independence in their children in order that
they are fully prepared for social life outside the family, be it at school or at work.
On the other hand, kin titles reinforce the family at the core of the Traveller cultural
system where they are a key element used in the establishment of the CofP
members’ identities. Regarding vocative function, in both SettCorp and TravCorp,
mitigation was found to be the most common function of vocatives in the datasets.
The presence of a high number of mitigating vocatives can also be explained by a
number of macro- and micro-social factors particular to family discourse, among
them
age
and
social roles
. The summons function was discovered to be the second
most common, unsurprisingly frequent in both CofPs which are comprised of six
208
members or more. Tellingly, the relational function was not very prevalent in either
SettCorp or TravCorp. Although present, relational vocatives play a peripheral role
in the discourse of both families and this was again attributed to the uniqueness of
social roles in the family CofP. Finally, it was ascertained that vocatives occur
primarily in final position in both SettCorp and TravCorp. The relationship between
vocative position and function was reinforced through the analysis of both datasets.
Similar to findings in Chapter 6, final position was shown to strongly correlate with
attention to face in the family CofP. In Chapter 8, the analysis turns to another
linguistic strategy, hedging, by which family members may mitigate their utterances.
Similarly to vocatives, it will be shown that hedges facilitate community
maintenance and provide information about the influence of both micro- and macro-
social factors through their relative infrequency in the speech of both families.
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