Organizational climate
The perceptions of employees about the organiza-
tion, which form the organization climate, need to
be assessed and understood so that action can be
taken to deal with negative factors. Diagnostic
tools, as described in Chapter 12, can be used for
this purpose.
Organizational processes
The social processes of interaction and networking,
communication, group behaviour, leadership, power,
politics and conflict need to be understood and con-
sidered when considering ways of improving organ-
izational effectiveness (the ability of an organization
to achieve its goals by making effective use of the
resources available to it). Social and political factors
can affect how HR decisions are made and how
well they are implemented.
Individual differences
When designing jobs, preparing learning and devel-
opment programmes, assessing and counselling staff,
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