Object of investigation,to the levels of language hierarchy and to two plans of the language

Etalon language. 
It is a linguistic means with the help of which scholars 
fulfill the process of comparing languages. The notion etalon language is quite 
new which has been developed and elaborated by the Russian linguist 
B.A.Uspenskiy. He says that any language is based on the meta- language,which is 
the same as an etalon language to make transformations from it to real languages 
and back, from real languages to an etalon.(Uspenskiy B.A.,1965). It is still used 
for comparative purposes. For practical purposes etalon language can be divided 
into maximal and minimal. 
 
Maximal etalon language is the whole language with the highly developed 
structure, which is used for the purpose of comparison. For example, the Latin 
language was used as etalon for compiling many European grammars. Minimal 
etalon language can be expressed by: 
1.
 
A special abstract system made for comparison; 
2.
 
Some artificial language made for comparison; 
3.
 
Special linguistic methods; 
4.
 
Grammatical, lexical and other linguistic categories; 5.Typological categories; 
6.Concrete language; 7.Semantic fields; 
8. Different features concerning the phonetic and grammatical pecularities. 
 
Typological classification. 
There are two types of classification of 
languages in linguistics: Genealogical, which studies etic units: concrete sounds, 
words, syntactic units and so on. According to this classification languages are 
grouped into the families, such as Indo-European, Semitic, Altaic and so on. 
Typological classification is introduced by several linguists who treated languages 
not according to their genetic backgrounds, these are W. Humboldt, E. Sapir, F. 
Fortunatov. According to the opinion of these linguists languages are classified 
into 5 types: 
1.
 
Isolated 
2.
 
Agglutinated 
3.
 
Inflected 
4.
 
Polysynthetic 
5.
 
Agglutinated - inflecled. 
 
The main criterion for this type of classification is the means of expression 
of synthetic relations among words in the sentence. According to their relations 
among the words in the sentence they may use different means, for example, 

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inflections, function words, intonation, word order, sound interchange, stress and 
so on. 
 
Isolated 
type 
of languages is characterized by the absence of inflections and 
affixational morphemes expressing the relationship among the words in the 
sentence. This type includes ancient Chinese and other languages. It is 
characterized by the following features: 
a)
 
words are unchangeable 
b)
 
word formation 
is 
less developed 
c)
 
the main signal of grammar is word order 
d)
 
intonation may form new words and express grammatical meanings 
e)
 
words are not distributed into parts of speech 
 
While speaking about isolating type of languages we mean that the root of 
the word may express both the lexical and grammatical meanings. These type of 
languages have no grammatical suffixes and word order expresses syntactic 
relations among the words in the sentence.