My daily routine exercise Read and translate the textorally

Computers at work
Exercise 4. Listen to four people talking about how they use computers at work. Write each speaker’s job in the table. S. Remacha “Infotech” Record: Unit 1. Task 3
Listen again and write what each speakers uses their computer for.

Electrical engineer secretary librarian composer

Speaker	Job	What they use computers for
1	Electrical engineer	to simulate how electrical devices
2	secretary	manage databases, and create presentations, reports
3	librarian	academic, educational, and research purposes
4	composer	to the composition of music

5. BRIEF HISTORY OF COMPUTER INDUSTRY
Exercise 1. Read and translate the text orally.
I n 1822 Charles Babbage, professor of mathematics at Cambridge University in England, created the “ Analytical engine”, a mechanical calculator that could automatically produce mathematical tables, a tedious and error-prone manual task in those days. Babbage conceived of a large-scale, steam-driven (!) model that could perform a wide range of computational tasks. The model has never been completed as revolving shafts and gears could not be manufactured with the crude industrial technology of the day.

By the 1880s manufacturing technology had improved to the point that practical mechanical calculators, including versions of Babbage’s Analytical engine, could be produced. The new technology achieved worldwide fame in tabulating the US Census of 1890. The Census Bureau turned to a new tabulating machine invented by Herman Hollerith, which reduced personal data to holes punched in paper cards. Tiny mechanical fingers “felt” the holes and closed an electrical circuit that in turn advanced the mechanical counter. Hollerith’s invention eventually became the foundation on which the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) was built.

Analog and digital calculators with electromechanical components appeared in a variety of military and intelligence applications in 1930s. Many people credit the invention of the first electronic computer to John Vincent Atanasoff. He produced working models of computer memory and data processing units at the University of Iowa in 1939 although had never assembled a complete working computer.

World War II prompted the development of the first working all-electronic digital computer, Colossus, which the British secret service designed to crack Nazi codes. Similarly, the need to calculate detailed mathematical tables to help aim cannons and missiles led to the creation of the first, general-purpose computer, the electronic numerical integrator and calculator ENIAC at the University of Pennsylvania in 1946.

After leaving their university (arguing over the patent rights) developers of ENIAC, J. Prosper Eckert and John Mauchly, turned to business pursuits. They also had an ugly scandal with an academic colleague, John von Neumann, whom they accused of having unfairly left their names off the scientific paper that first described the computer and allowed von Neumann to claim that he had invented it. Eckert and Mauchly went on to create UNIVAC for the Remington Rand Corporation, an early leader in the computer industry. UNIVAC was the first successful commercial computer, and the first model was sold to the US Census Bureau in 1951.
Notes

To achieve a fame - Mashxurlikka Erisish

To close a circuit - o’chirish uchun

Tocrackcodes - kodlarni buzish

T A R J I M A:

1822 yilda Angliyadagi Kembrij universitetining matematika professori Charlz Babbiyem "Analitik dvigatel" ni yaratdi, bu avtomatik ravishda matematik jadvallarni ishlab chiqarishi mumkin bo'lgan mexanik kalkulyator, o'sha kunlarda zerikarli va xatolarga olib keladigan qo'lda topshiriq. Babbis keng ko'lamli hisoblash vazifalarini bajara oladigan, keng miqyosli, bug 'bilan ishlaydigan (!) Modelni o'ylab topdi. Model hech qachon tugallanmagan, chunki aylanma vallar va viteslarni o'sha kunning xom sanoat texnologiyasi bilan ishlab chiqarish mumkin emas edi.

1880-yillarga kelib ishlab chiqarish texnologiyasi shu darajaga yetdiki, amaliy mexanik kalkulyatorlar, shu jumladan Babbining Analitik dvigatelining versiyalari ishlab chiqarilishi mumkin edi. Yangi texnologiya 1890 yildagi AQSh aholini ro'yxatga olish jadvalini tuzishda butun dunyoga mashhur bo'ldi. Aholini ro'yxatga olish byurosi Xerman Xollerit tomonidan ixtiro qilingan yangi shaxsiy kompyuterga murojaat qildi, bu shaxsiy ma'lumotlarni qog'oz kartalardagi teshiklarga tushirdi. Kichkina mexanik barmoqlar teshiklarni "sezdi" va elektr zanjirini yopdi, bu esa mexanik hisoblagichni rivojlantirdi. Xollerit ixtirosi oxir-oqibat International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) qurilgan poydevor bo'ldi.

Elektromekanik tarkibiy qismlarga ega analog va raqamli kalkulyatorlar 1930-yillarda turli xil harbiy va razvedka dasturlarida paydo bo'ldi. Ko'p odamlar birinchi elektron kompyuter ixtirosini Jon Vinsent Atanasoffga ishonishadi. U 1939 yilda Ayova Universitetida kompyuter xotirasi va ma'lumotlarni qayta ishlash bloklarining ishchi modellarini ishlab chiqardi, ammo hech qachon to'liq ishlaydigan kompyuterni yig'magan edi.

Ikkinchi Jahon urushi ingliz maxfiy xizmati natsistlar kodlarini buzish uchun ishlab chiqqan birinchi ishlaydigan barcha elektron raqamli kompyuter - Colossusni yaratishga turtki berdi. Xuddi shunday, To'plar va raketalarni nishonga olishga yordam beradigan batafsil matematik jadvallarni hisoblash kerak, 1946 yilda Pensilvaniya Universitetida birinchi, umumiy maqsadli kompyuter, elektron raqamli integralator va ENIAC kalkulyatori yaratildi.

ENIAC ishlab chiqaruvchilari (patent huquqlari to'g'risida bahslashib) o'z universitetlarini tark etishgach, J. Prosper Ekert va Jon Mauchli biznes bilan shug'ullanishga kirishdilar. Ular, shuningdek, akademik hamkasbi Jon fon Neyman bilan xunuk mojaroni boshladilar, ular uni o'zlarining ismlarini adolatsiz ravishda kompyuterni birinchi marta tasvirlab bergan ilmiy maqolada qoldirganlikda aybladilar va fon Neymanga uni ixtiro qildim deb da'vo qilishdi. Ekkert va Mauchli kompyuter sanoatining dastlabki etakchisi bo'lgan Remington Rand korporatsiyasi uchun UNIVAC yaratishga kirishdilar. UNIVAC birinchi muvaffaqiyatli tijorat kompyuteri bo'lib, birinchi modeli 1951 yilda AQSh aholini ro'yxatga olish byurosiga sotilgan.