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Seminar 2
Comparative typology as a branch of General Linguistics
►Classroom activities
Exercise #1. Round table discussion. Work in six mini groups and discuss these problems. In 10 minutes present your topic, after all, they make anoverall conclusion.
Exercise #2. Work in pairs. Discuss your opinions about types of language comparison. Make your own diagram to the following table. Present it to another team and complete it with new ideas.
Exercise #3a. Draw a picture, which comes to your mind about genetic typology for the following table.
3b. Present your picture to the group. Explain why do you think so?
►Home activities
Exercise #1. Complete the following definitions with the types of typology from the box:
Comparative typology Genetic typology Areal typology Structural typology
_______________ is a branch of linguistics that studies (using the methods of linguistic geography) distribution of linguistic phenomena in the spatial extent and interlingual (interdialectic) interaction.
_______________ is one of the branches of General Linguistic typology. It deals with comparison of languages irrespectively of their genetic or structural identity.
_________________ is a branch of linguistic typology, which studies the similarities, and differences of originally related languages.
_________________ is the major branch of Linguistic typology and aims to identify structural language types.
Exercise #2. Circle the correct answer.
Who said that Areal typology compares languages irrespectively of the degree of their relatedness and aims at defining general elements formed as a result of themutual influence of languages and the cultures staying behind them?
V.K.Ghak
D.J.Buranov
Yu.V.Rojdestvenskiy
M.M.Guhman
What are the objects of study of Areal typology?
borrowings, bi-lingual features, hybrid languages, language contacts
dialects, centum/satem languages, compiling dialectal maps
sub-stratum and super-stratum languages, neologisms, archaisms
all answers are true
What does Areal typology study?
dialects and restrictions of dissemination of separate features in the systems of related and non-related languages, theconfluence of different languages
dialects and restrictions of dissemination of separate features in the systems of related and non-related languages
dialects, centum/satem languages, compiling dialectal maps
sub-stratum and super-stratum languages, neologisms, archaisms
What does Comparative Typology deal with?
With distribution of linguistic phenomena in the spatial extent and interlingua (interdialectic) interaction
with the similarities, and differences of originally related languages
With the aims of identifying structural language types
with acomparison of languages irrespectively of their genetic or structural identity
What is the goal of Structural Typology?
To include discrete sound segments like p, n, or a, which can be defined by a finite set of sound properties or features
to identify structural language types
identifying common/similar features specific to systems of all or separate language groups
to identify universal features of langauges
►Activities for self-improvement
Exercise #1. Read the statement below and find some mistakes among them.
Typology is a branch of science which is typical to all sciences without any exception. In this respect, their typological method is not limited to the sphere of one science. Typology may be divided intoNon-linguistic typology, Linguistic typology, Paralinguistic typology.
Non-linguistic typology is the subject matter of the sciences except linguistics. It can be political typology, medical or economic typology as well. Linguistic typology is a new branch of general linguistics which studies the systems of languages comparatively, also finds common laws of languages and establishes differences and similarities between them. And due to David Crystal’s book “Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics”, Non- linguistic Typology is explained in this way: “A branch of linguistics which studies the structural similarities between languages, regardless of their history, as part of an attempt to establish a satisfactory classification, or typology, of languages. The typological comparison is thus distinguished from the historical comparison of languages and its groupings can coincide with those set up by the historical method”. Nowadays a lot of terms are used for defining this very type of science, such as Linguistic Typology, Comparative Typology, Contrastive Typology. But with the help of analyzing historical background, we will be able to realize the main notion of this branch of Linguistics. Typology is understood as a science of a whole comparison that has a large number of factors of its development. However, if it is described as a structural typology, then numbers of factors of its appearance will diminish. As Maslow said: “Typology does not deal with a limited number of languages. If it does, then it should be called “characterlogy” or “comparative description”. Since the number of languages typology deals with can’t be counted, languages are referred as an unlimited number of languages. The development of typology was very slow. It has several factors that influence to its development which are but not limited to typological imitation, “Port Royal Grammar”, historical comparative linguistics, theprocess of studying of languages without awriting system, theinfluence of writing, phonetics and practical and theoretical study of languages.
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