Table 5.2: Frequency Table for importance of skills in HoD position
Item
Skills
Frequency
very
important
important
neutral
Not
important
not very
important
Total
Verbal
18
3 0
0 0
21
Written
18
5 0
0 0
23
Listening
19
4 0
0 0
23
Empathising
15
6 2
0 0
23
Empowering
21
1 1
0 0
23
Collaboration
17
5 0
0 0
22
Problem solving
17
5 1
0 0
23
Conflict resolution
18
4 1
0 0
23
Stress management
15
5 3
0 0
23
Organisational
18
4 1
0 0
23
Team building
18
4 1
0 0
23
Decisiveness
17
6 0
0 0
23
Negotiating
16
6 1
0 0
23
Lobbying
8 9 5
0 1
23
Entrepreneurial
5 8 10
0 0
23
Research
11
4 6
1 0
22
Teaching
10
7 5
0 1
23
Advocacy
8 10
4
0 0
22
Delegation
13
8 1
0 1
23
Mediation
11 10 2
0 0
23
Working with support staff
12
9 1
0 1
23
record keeping
11
8 2
1 1
23
Creating vision
19
2 1
1 0
23
Resources management
13
7 3
0 0
23
Leading
20
1 2
0 0
23
Understanding headship role
16
6 1
0 0
23
Total
384 147 54
3
5
593
Frequency missing = 5
137
Table 5.3: MEANS Table for importance of skills
Analysis Variables: importance of skills
Item
N
obs mean
Minimu
m
Maximum std dev
Verbal
23
1.1429 1.0000 2.0000
0.3586
Written
23
1.2174 1.0000 2.0000
0.4217
Listening
23
1.1739 1.0000 2.0000
0.3876
Empathising
23
1.4348 1.0000 3.0000
0.6624
Empowering
others
23
1.1304 1.0000 3.0000
0.4577
Collaboration
23
1.2273 1.0000 2.0000
0.4289
Problem
solving
23
1.3043 1.0000 3.0000
0.5588
Conflict
resolution
23
1.2609 1.0000 3.0000
0.5408
Stress
management
23
1.4783 1.0000 3.0000
0.7305
Organisational
23
1.2609 1.0000 3.0000
0.5408
Team
building
23
1.2609 1.0000 3.0000
0.5408
Decisiveness
23
1.2609 1.0000 2.0000
0.4490
Negotiating
23
1.3478 1.0000 3.0000
0.5728
Lobbying
23
1.9565 1.0000 4.0000
0.8779
Entrepreneurial
23
2.2174 1.0000 3.0000
0.7952
Research
23
1.9091 1.0000 5.0000
1.1088
Teaching
23
1.8696 1.0000 4.0000
0.9197
Advocacy
23
1.8182 1.0000 3.0000
0.7327
Delegation
23
1.5652 1.0000 4.0000
0.7878
Mediation
23
1.6087 1.0000 3.0000
0.6564
Working with support staff
23
1.6087 1.0000 4.0000
0.7827
Record
keeping
23
1.8261 1.0000 5.0000
1.0725
Creating a vision
23
1.3478
1.0000
5.0000
0.9346
Resources
management 23
1.5652 1.0000 3.0000
0.7278
Leading 23
1.2174
1.0000
3.0000
0.5997
Understanding headship role 23
1.3478
1.0000
3.0000
0.5728
138
Table 5.4: Frequency Table for ordered combined items for importance of skills
Item
Frequency
Cumulative
frequency
Decisiveness
23 23
Listening
23 46
Written
23 69
Collaboration
22 91
Conflict resolution
22 113
Empowering others
22 135
Negotiating
22 157
Organisational
22 179
Problem solving
22 201
Team building
22 223
Understanding headship role
22 245
Delegation
21 266
Empathising
21 287
Leading
21 308
Mediation
21 329
Working with support staff
21 350
Verbal
21 371
Creating vision
21 392
Resources management
20 412
Stress management
20 432
Record keeping
19 451
Advocacy
18 469
Lobbying
17 486
Teaching
17 503
Research
15 518
Entrepreneurial
13 531
By studying the general frequency table, it appears as though participants are undecided
or neutral when it comes to the importance of entrepreneurial skills to HoD efficiency.
There were ten neutral responses as opposed to substantially less neutral responses for the
remainder of the skills.
139
Generally participants perceive the various skills as necessary and applicable to them in
their HoD positions. This finding is consistent with Seagren et al’s (1994:74) finding
where chairs’ overwhelmingly felt that all the skills identified were relevant to their
work. However, the entrepreneurial skill is rated least important (with a frequency of 13)
as opposed to skills of decisiveness, listening and written communication which all have
frequencies of 23. These skills are regarded by the participants as most essential in their
job. Seagren et al found that ‘written communication’ was rated as one of the most
important skills. In the present study, other skills regarded as ‘very important’ or
‘important’ include, among others, ‘collaboration’ and ‘empowering others’ (see 2.2.2).
Lowest ranked in importance, among others, are ‘advocacy’, ‘lobbying’, teaching, and
research. Omar’s 1996 study of women academic leaders in Malaysia had a similar
finding as far as communication skills were concerned. Next in order of importance are
the skills of ‘collaboration’, ‘conflict resolution’, ‘empowering others’, ‘negotiating’,
‘organisational problem solving,’, ‘team building’ and understanding the headship role
(cf 2.2.2).
Table 5.3, which presents the mean response values, shows a mean value of 2.2174 for
entrepreneurial skill, and this appears to be higher than the majority of the other skills
components which have a mean value close to one. The higher mean value for
entrepreneurial skill indicates that participants do not regard this skill as important to
their work as HoD, which is rather surprising, given the demands of the new age of
management in which these women managers operate. However, this is consistent with
Seagren et al’s (1994:53) finding where 25.5per cent of the chairs’ responding to the
questionnaire perceived the entrepreneurial role as not important.
5.2.4.2 Perception of various skills level of participants in HoD position
Not only is it necessary for a HoD or chair to recognise the importance of various skills
in her current job, but she also needs to be aware of her own level of ability to perform
these skills.
140
Tucker (1984:387) notes, that the persons responsible for carrying out the essential
functions of management must have a complete understanding of what management
entails as well as certain interpersonal skills.
In this study, participants had to rate their perception of skill level from high to low (5
being very high and 1 being very low).
The results are displayed in Tables 5.5, 5.6 and 5.7.
For Table 5.6, a mean value close to one indicates that participants rate their skills poorly.
A mean value close to five indicates that participants rate their skills very highly.
141
Table 5.5: Perception of various skills levels of participant in HoD position
Item
Skills
Frequency
very
high
high
Average
low
very
low
Total
Verbal
4 16
3
0
0 23
Written
10 11 2
0
0 23
Listening
9 11
3
0
0 23
Empathising
8 13
2
0
0 23
Empowering others
9 9 5
0
0 23
Collaboration
8 12
2
0
0 22
Problem solving
10 12 1
0
0 23
Conflict resolution
4 10
7
2
0 23
Organisational ability
8 11
4
0
0 23
Stress management
1 8 11 3
0 23
Team building
7 9 6
1
0 23
Decisiveness
10 6 5
2
0 23
Negotiating
8 12
2
0
1 23
Lobbying
2 7 9
3
2 23
Entrepreneurial skills
1 3 14 5
0 23
Research
8 5 10 0
0 23
Teaching
7 12
4
0
0 23
Advocacy
3 11
5
3
0 22
Delegation
2 7 11 3
0 23
Mediation
2 11
9
0
1 23
Support staff
10 10 2
0
0 22
Record keeping
4 6 8
5
0 23
Visionary
7 9 7
0
0 23
Resources management
5 9 8
1
0 23
Leading
8 11
4
0
0 23
Understanding headship role
9 9 5
0
0 23
Total
164
250
149 28
4 595
Frequency missing = 3
142
Table 5.6: MEANS table for skills perception
Analysis variable : skills
N obs mean
minimum
maximum
std dev
Verbal 23
4.0435
3.0000
5.0000
0.5623
Written 23
4.3478
3.0000
5.0000
0.6473
Listening 23
4.2609
3.0000
5.0000
0.6887
Empathising 23
4.2609
3.0000
5.0000
0.6192
Empowering 23
4.1739
3.0000
5.0000
0.7777
Collaboration 23
4.2727
3.0000
5.0000
0.6311
Problem solving
23
4.3913
3.0000
5.0000
0.5830
Conflict resolve
23
3.6957
2.0000
5.0000
0.8757
Organisational 23
4.1739
3.0000
5.0000
0.7168
Stress management
23
3.3043
2.0000
5.0000
0.7648
Team building
23
3.9565
2.0000
5.0000
0.8779
Decisiveness 23
4.0435
2.0000
5.0000
1.0215
Negotiating 23
4.1304
1.0000
5.0000
0.9197
Lobbying 23
3.1739
1.0000
5.0000
1.0725
Entrepreneurial 23
3.0000
2.0000
5.0000
0.7385
Research 23
3.9130
3.0000
5.0000
0.9002
Teaching 23
4.1304
3.0000
5.0000
0.6944
Advocacy 23
3.6364
2.0000
5.0000
0.9021
Delegation 23
3.3478
2.0000
5.0000
0.8317
Mediation 23
3.5652
1.0000
5.0000
0.8435
Support staff
23
4.3636
3.0000
5.0000
0.6580
Record keeping
23
3.3913
2.0000
5.0000
1.0331
Visionary 23
4.0000
3.0000
5.0000
0.7977
Resources management
23
3.7826
2.0000
5.0000
0.8505
Leading 23
4.1739
3.0000
5.0000
0.7168
Understanding headship role
23
4.1739
3.0000
5.0000
0.7777
143
Table 5.7: Frequency Table for ordered combined items for perception of skill level
Item
frequency
Cumulative
frequency
Problem solving
66 66
Empathising
63 129
Written
63 192
Collaboration
60 252
Listening
60 312
Negotiating
60 372
Support staff
60 432
Verbal
60 492
Leading
57 549
Organisational
57 606
Teaching
57 663
Empowering
54 717
Understanding headship role
54 771
Decisiveness
48 819
Team building
48 867
Visionary
48 915
Advocacy
42 957
Conflict resolution
42 999
Resources management
42 1041
Mediation
39 1080
Research
39 1119
Record keeping
30 1149
Delegation
27 1176
Lobbying
27 1203
Stress management
27 1230
Entrepreneurial
12 1242
As shown in Table 5.5, a number of participants are unsure about their skills level,
particularly ‘entrepreneurial’ skills (14 ‘average’ responses); ‘delegation’ and ‘stress
management’ (11 ‘average’ responses each). But they are more confident with their
ability in ‘problem solving’ (only 1 ‘average’ response).
The MEAN response values in Table 5.6, indicate that most skills are rated very highly.
Skills that are rated ‘average’ include, among others, ‘conflict resolution’, ‘stress
144
management’, ‘entrepreneurial’(rated lowest mean =3.000), ‘lobbying’, ‘resources
management’ ‘record keeping’, ‘mediation’, ‘delegation’, ‘advocacy’, ‘research’, and
‘team building’.
When the frequency of ‘very high’ and ‘high’ responses are combined and rank ordered,
this is what emerges. ‘Problem solving’ is ranked highest (66 being the combined
frequency total). This is followed by ‘empathising’ and ‘’written communication’ (each
with a combined frequency total of 63). ‘Collaboration’, ‘listening’, ‘negotiating’,
‘working with support staff’, and ‘verbal communication’ each have a combined
frequency total of 60. At the bottom of the ranking order are ‘ entrepreneurial’ skills
(combined frequency total of 12) followed by ‘stress management’, ‘lobbying’ and
‘delegation’ (combined frequency total of 27). What stands out in these results is the
consistency of participants’ perceptions regarding entrepreneurial skills. This skill is not
only rated least important, but it is also rated very poorly. A possible explanation could
be that the business side of the HoD’s work may be taken care of by a different office in
the institution. However, skills in ‘stress management’ and ‘delegation’ ought to be
reinforced in training workshops so as to develop participants’ confidence and ability to
deal with stress.
5.2.4.3 Extent of various job challenges posed to HoD
Bennett (1998:134) identifies three major transitions experienced by new HoDs:
▪firstly, the HoD has to change from focusing on her own discipline to representing a
broader range of inquiries within the department
▪
secondly, the HoD has to shift from being an individual to looking at whole
departmental operations – thus expanding the span on responsibility
▪
thirdly, the HoD has to expand her loyalties to the broader campus enterprise.
The challenge for the HoD then is to know about other inquiries, departments and schools
and to be aware of the multiple contributions and activities of the institution and to situate
the department within this larger context.
145
Participants in this study had to indicate the extent to which they agreed that a given
number of items were challenges to them in their job situation, using the scale: 1
‘strongly agree’ and 5 ‘strongly disagree’. The results are displayed in Tables 5.8, 5.9,
and 5.10. In Table 5.9, a mean value close to one indicates that participants strongly
agree on the relevance of the challenge. A mean value close to five indicates that
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