1.
For an explanation of the details of the Battle of Marj-us-Suffar, see Note 10 in
Appendix B.
2.
Bait Lihya no longer exists, and its exact location is not known. It was a small town in
the
Ghuta
(Yaqut: Vol. 1, p. 780), and I have placed it at the outer edge of the
Ghuta
because to position a blocking force nearer the city would be militarily unsound.
3.
This monastery, which was also known as Dair-ul-Ahmar (the Red Monastery), no
longer exists, but its general location is known. About a quarter of a mile from the East
Gate, stretching eastwards, stands a garden. The monastery was in this garden, and
according to Waqidi (p. 43), was less than half a mile from the gate.
Page 6
On the day following the arrival of the Muslims, Khalid had Kulus and Azazeer brought
in irons near the East Gate where they could be seen by the Romans on the wall. Here
both generals were offered Islam, and both rejected the offer. Then, in full view of the
Roman garrison, the two generals were beheaded, the executioner being none other than
Dhiraar.
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For three weeks the siege continued with no major action except for a few half-hearted
Roman sallies which the Muslims, had no difficulty in repulsing. During the day the two
sides would keep up a sporadic exchange of archery, though no great damage was
suffered by either side. This was to be a siege to the bitter end. Damascus would, if
necessary, be starved into submission.
1
Soon after Heraclius heard of the defeat of the Roman army at Marj-us-Suffar by Khalid
and the commencement of the siege of the city, he undertook measures to raise fresh
forces. The recent blows suffered by the Empire were serious enough; but the successful
advance of the Muslims had now created an even more critical situation, and Damascus
itself was in danger. If Damascus fell, it would be a staggering blow to the prestige it
could not recover without mobilizing the entire military resources of the Empire-a task
not to be undertaken except in the direct emergency. And Damascus was in danger of
falling not because of insufficient troops in the city but because of insufficient supplies. It
had not been provisioned for a long siege.
Within 10 days of the start of the siege, Heraclius had raised a new army of 12,000 men
drawn from garrisons in various parts of Northern Syria and the Jazeer.
2
This army was
launched from Antioch with a large baggage-train carrying supplies, and the commander
was instructed to reach Damascus at any cost and relieve the beleaguered garrison. The
relief column marched via Emessa, made contact with Muslim scouts between Emessa
and Damascus, and from here onwards was prepared for battle at a moment's notice.
On September 9, 634 (the 10th of Rajab, 13 Hijri), a messenger came galloping into
Khalid's camp to inform him that a large Roman army of undetermined strength was
advancing rapidly from Emessa, and in a day or so would make contact with the blocking
force deployed at Bait Lihya. Khalid was not surprised to hear this, for he had guessed
that Heraclius would do everything in his power to relieve Damascus; and it was for this
reason that Khalid had placed the blocking force on the main route by which a relief
column could approach the city.
He immediately organised a mounted force of 5,000 men and placed it under Dhiraar. He
instructed Dhiraar to proceed with all speed to the area of Bait Lihya, take command of
the regiment already deployed there and deal with the relief column approaching from
Emessa. He cautioned Dhiraar against being rash and instructed him to seek
reinforcements before committing his force to battle in case the enemy strength proved
too large. Such words of caution, however, were wasted on Dhiraar; if there was one
quality which he did not possess it was caution. With Raafe as his second-in-command,
Dhiraar rode away from Damascus and picking up the blocking force, moved forward to
a low ridge a little short of Saniyyat-ul-Uqab (the Pass of the Eagle) and deployed his
force in ambush.
Next morning the Roman army appeared in sight. The Muslims waited. As the head of
the Roman column got close to the ambush, Dhiraar ordered the attack. His men rose
from their places of concealment, and led by their half-naked commander, rushed at the
Romans. But the Romans were prepared for such a contingency. They deployed so
quickly in battle formation that the action became a frontal engagement, with the
Muslims attacking and the Romans standing firm in defence on higher ground in front of
the Pass of the Eagle. The Muslims now realised the full strength of the enemy, which
amounted to twice their own. But this did not matter to Dhiraar. Assaulting furiously in
front of his men, he got far ahead of his comrades and before long was completely
surrounded by the Romans. His enemies recognised him as the Naked Champion; and
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decided to take him alive and show him as a prize to their Emperor. Dhiraar was
wounded by an arrow in the right arm but continued to fight as the Romans closed in. At
last, however, after he had suffered several wounds, he was overpowered by the Romans,
who then sent him to the rear.
1.
According to Tabari (Vol. 2, p. 626) the Muslims also used catapults at this siege; but
this is unlikely because the Muslims had no siege equipment, nor did they know much
about using it.
2.
Jazeera literally means island, and this name was used to designate the region between
the rivers Euphrates and Tigris in present day North-Eastern Syria, North-Western Iraq
and South-Eastern Turkey.
Page 7
The loss of Dhiraar had a depressing effect on the Muslims, but Raafe was a worthy
successor to the dashing Dhiraar. Taking command, he launched several attacks to get
through to Dhiraar and rescue him; but his efforts proved fruitless, and the action turned
into a stalemate. Raafe realised that there was nothing that he could do to break the
Roman force deployed in front of him; and in the afternoon he sent a message to Khalid
telling him about the engagement, about the enemy strength and about the loss of
Dhiraar-probably still alive as a prisoner.
The sun was still well above the horizon when Khalid received news of this engagement.
He realised that the Roman strength at Bait Lihya was too large for Raafe to tackle on his
own. And this placed Khalid in a serious dilemma. The Roman relief column had to be
defeated and driven back towards Emessa, and this could be done quickly only if Khalid
himself took command at Bait Lihya with a sizable reinforcement from Damascus.
Failing this, the Roman relief column would have every chance of breaking through the
Muslim blocking force, and this could have a disastrous effect on the Muslim siege of
Damascus. But there was also the problem of timing. If an immediate move were made to
reinforce Raafe, the Roman garrison would observe the move and sally out to break the
grip of the weakened besieging force. The relieving Romans at Bait Lihya had to be
beaten; yet the besieged Romans in Damascus had to be kept in the dark about the
movement of Muslim reinforcements from Damascus. Khalid decided to risk a delay and
carry out on move till the latter part of the night, by when the beleaguered garrison would
be less likely to discover the move.
Preparations wore made accordingly. The command at Damascus was taken over by Abu
Ubaidah who would see to the siege operations during Khalid's absence. After midnight a
detachment of 1,000 Muslim warriors under Maisara bin Masruq took up positions at the
East Gate and some other readjustments were made at the other gates. Then, some time
between midnight and dawn, Khalid set off with his Mobile Guard of 4,000 horses. The
Guard moved swiftly through the remainder of the night and early the following morning
arrived at the scene of battle between Raafe and the Romans. The fighting was continuing
on this second day of battle with no decision in sight. Indeed the Muslims were now tired
of attacking the Romans who stood like a rock against the Muslim assaults.
As Khalid approached the battlefield he suddenly saw a Muslim rider flash past him from
behind and gallop off towards the Roman front. Before Khalid could stop him, he was
gone. A slim, lightly-built person, dressed in black, this rider wore a breastplate and was
armed with a sword and a long lance. He sported a green turban and had a scarf wrapped
around his face, acting as a mask, with only his eyes visible. Khalid arrived on the
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battlefield in time to see this rider throw himself at the Romans with such fury that
everyone present thought that he and his horse must both be mad. Raafe saw this rider
before he saw Khalid and remarked,
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |