1.
Waqidi: p. 46.
Page 10
Meanwhile Shurahbil was not a little worried. He had lost quite a large number of men,
killed and wounded, and feared that if another determined sally were made by the
Romans, they might succeed in breaking through his corps. He consequently, asked
Khalid for reinforcements; but Khalid had no men to spare. He could not weaken the
other corps, because the Romans could attack at any gate, and might well choose another
gate for their next sally. He instructed Shurahbil to hold on as best he could, and assured
him, that Dhiraar with his 2,000 men would get to him in case of heavy pressure. If need
be he himself, with his reserve, would come and take over the battle at the Gate of
Thomas. Shurahbil prepared for another sally by the Romans, quite determined to hold on
to the last man.
For the sally of the night, Thomas again selected the Gate of Thomas as the point of main
effort in order to exploit the damage which he had undoubtedly caused to the corps of
Shurahbil. But he planned to make sallies from other gates also. The locations of the
various Muslim corps and their commanders, were known in detail to the garrison. To
keep the Muslim corps at other gates tied down, so that they would not be able to come to
the aid of Shurahbil, Thomas ordered sallies form the Jabiya Gate, the Small Gate and the
East Gate. For the last he allotted rather more forces than for the others, so that Khalid
would be unable to move to Shurahbil's help and take command in that decisive sector.
Attacking from several gates also gave more flexibility to the operation. Thus, if success
were achieved, in any sector other than the Gate of Thomas, that could be converted into
the main sector and the success exploited accordingly.
In his orders Thomas emphasised the need for swift attacks, so that the Muslims would be
caught unawares and destroyed in their camps. No quarter would be given. Any Muslim
wishing to surrender would be killed on the spot-any, that is, but Khalid, who was to be
taken alive. The moon would rise about two hours before midnight. Soon after, on the
signal of a gong to be struck on the orders of Thomas, the gates would be flung open and
the attacks launched simultaneously.
In the moonlight the Roman attacks began as planned. At the Jabiya Gate there was some
hard fighting, and Abu Ubaidah himself entered the fray with drawn sword. The Son of
the Surgeon was an accomplished swordsman, and several Romans fell under his blows
before the sally was repulsed and the Romans hastened back to the city.
At the Small Gate Yazeed had fewer troops than were positioned at the other gates, and
the Romans gained some initial success. But luckily Dhiraar was nearby and joined
Yazeed with his 2,000 warriors. Without a moment's delay Dhiraar hurled his men at the
enemy, whereupon the Romans reacted as if they had been assailed by demons and
hastily withdrew to the fort with Dhiraar close upon their heels.
At the East Gate the situation soon became more serious, for a larger Roman force had
been assigned to this sector. From the sounds of battle Khalid was able to judge that the
enemy had advanced farther than he should have been allowed to; and fearing the Raafe
might not be able to hold the attack, went into battle himself with his reserve of 400
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veterans from the Mobile Guard. As he got to the Romans, he gave his personal battle
cry:
"I am the noble warrior, Khalid bin Al Waleed."
This battle cry was by now known
to all the Romans, and had the effect of imposing caution upon them. In fact it marked
the turning point in the sally at the East Gate. Soon the Romans were in full retreat with
the Muslims cutting down the stragglers. Most of this force was able to re?enter the city
and close the East Gate behind it.
The heaviest fighting, however, took place at the Gate of Thomas, where Shurahbil's
corps, having fought a hard action during the day, had to bear the brunt of the fighting of
the night. The moonlight helped visibility as the Romans rushed out of the gate and began
to form up for battle. In this process they were subjected to withering fire from
Shurahbil's archers, but in spite of some losses, they completed their deployment and
advanced to battle. For two hours the fighting continued unabated with Shurahbil's men
struggling desperately to hold the Roman attack. And hold it they did.
Page 11
Shortly after midnight Thomas, who was himself fighting in the front rank, singled out
Shurahbil. The Muslim commander could be easily identified by the orders that he was
shouting to his warriors. The two commanders paired off and began to duel with sword
and shield.
For some time while the rest of the soldiers were locked in wild, frenzied combat, the
duel of the two champions continued with no success to either. Then Shurahbil, seeing an
opening, struck with all his might at the shoulder of Thomas; but his sword landing on
the hard metal shoulder-pad of the Roman's breastplate, broke into pieces. Shurahbil was
now at the mercy of Thomas. Luckily for him, at that very moment two Muslims, came
up beside him and engaged Thomas. Shurahbil pulled back, picked up the sword of a
fallen Muslim and again returned to combat. But Thomas was no longer there.
By now the Romans had had enough of battle. Seeing that there was no weakening in the
Muslim front, Thomas decided that to continue the attack would be fruitless and would
lead to even heavier casualties among his men. He ordered a withdrawal, and the Romans
moved back at a steady pace. The Muslims made no attempt to follow, though their
archers did a certain amount of damage. Again the young widow used her bow with
deadly effect.
This was the last attempt by Thomas to break the siege. The attempt had failed. He had
lost thousands of men in these sallies, and could no longer afford to fight outside the
walls of the city. His soldiers shared his disillusionment. They would fight to defend the
city, but would not venture to engage the Muslims outside the fort. Thomas now gave
more authority to his deputy, Harbees, delegating to him several of the functions of
command which hitherto he had himself exercised.
After the failure of the nocturnal sally, the despair of the Damascenes knew no bounds.
The dark clouds which threatened the great city had no silver lining. There was
widespread grumbling among the people who now wished for nothing but peace; and in
this desire they were joined by Thomas, who had fought gallantly in defence of the city
and answered the call of honour. He was prepared to make peace and surrender the fort
on terms, but was Khalid prepared to make peace? He was known as a man of violence
who looked upon battle as a sport; and since he undoubtedly knew the internal conditions
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prevailing in Damascus, would he accept anything less than an unconditional surrender,
by which they would all be placed at his mercy?
By now the Romans had come to know the Muslim generals very well. They knew that
Abu Ubaidah was next in command after Khalid, and wished he were the first in
command. The Son of the Surgeon was essentially a man of peace-gentle, kind,
benevolent-and looked upon war as a sacred duty rather than a source of pleasure and
excitement. With him they could make peace, and he would doubtless be generous in his
terms. But Abu Ubaidah was not the army commander. For two or three days this
dilemma continued; and then the matter was taken out of their hands by Jonah the Lover.
Jonah, son of Marcus, was a Greek who was madly in love with a girl, also Greek.
Actually she was his wife. Just before the arrival of the Muslims they had been married,
but the ceremony of handing over the bride to the husband had not been completed when
the Muslims arrived and laid siege to Damascus. Thereafter Jonah asked her people
several times to hand over his bride to him but they refused, saying that they were too
busy fighting and that this was a matter of survival; and how could Jonah think of such
things at a time like this? Actually Jonah could think of little else!
Just after dusk, on or about September 18, 634 (the 19th of Rajab, 13 Hijri), Jonah
lowered himself with the aid of a rope near the East Gate, and approaching the nearest
Muslim guard, asked to see Khalid. As soon as he was ushered into the presence of the
commander, he narrated his sad story and explained the purpose of his visit. Would
Khalid help him get his bride if he gave intelligence which would lead quickly to the
capture of Damascus? Khalid would. He then informed Khalid that in the city this night
the people were celebrating a festival in consequence of which there was revelry and
drunkenness everywhere, and few sentries would be found at the gates. If Khalid could
scale the wall, he would have no difficulty in opening any gate he chose and forcing an
entry into the city.
Khalid felt that he could trust the man. He appeared sincere in what he said. Khalid
offered him Islam, and Jonah accepted it. During the past few years he had heard much
about Islam and was favourably inclined. At the hands of Khalid, Jonah now accepted the
new faith, whereafter Khalid instructed him to return to the city and wait, which Jonah
did.
Page 12
As soon as the Greek had departed, Khalid ordered the procurement of ropes and the
preparation of rope ladders. There was no time to make a co-ordinated plan of attack for
the whole army; and so Khalid decided that he would storm the fort by the East Gate,
with just the corps of Iraq which was positioned there. The moon would rise at about
midnight, and soon after that the assault would begin.
According to Khalid's plan, 100 men would scale the wall at a place near the East Gate,
where it was known to be the most impregnable. Here certainly there would be no
sentries. At first three men would climb up with ropes. Then rope ladders would be
fastened to the ropes and hauled up by the three to be used by the rest of the picked
hundred to get to the top. Some men would remain at the top, while others would descend
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into the fort, kill any guards found at the gate and open the gate. Thereupon the entire
corps would rush in and start the attack.
The three leaders who were to scale the wall were Khalid, Qaqa and Maz'ur bin Adi. The
ropes were thrown up, lassoing the epaulements on the wall, after which these three
indomitable souls climbed up hand by hand. There was no guard at the top. The rope
ladders were drawn up, and on these others began to climb in silence. When half the
group had arrived at the top, Khalid left a few men to assist the remaining climbers, and
with the rest descended into the city. A few Roman soldiers were encountered on the way
down and put to the sword. Thereafter the party rushed to the gate, where two sentries
stood on guard. Khalid killed one while Qaqa killed the other. But by this time the alarm
had been raised and parties of Romans began to converge towards the East Gate. Khalid
knew that it was now touch and go.
The rest of the Muslim party hastily took up a position to keep the Romans away while
Khalid and Qaqa dealt with the gate, which was locked and chained. A few blows
shattered both lock and chain, and the gate was flung open. The next instant the corps of
Iraq came pouring in. The Roman soldiers who had converged towards the gate never
went back; their corpses littered the road to the centre of the city.
All Damascus was now awake. The Roman soldiers rushed to their assigned positions, as
per rehearsed drills, and manned the entire circumference of the fort. Only a small reserve
remained in the hands of Thomas as Khalid began his last onslaught to get to the centre
of Damascus, killing all who stood in his way-the regiments defending the sector of the
East Gate.
It was shortly before dawn, and now Thomas played his last card-brilliantly. He knew
that Khalid had secured a firm foothold in the city, and it was only a matter of time
before the entire city would lie at his feet. From the absence of activity at the other gates,
he guessed that Khalid was attacking alone and that other corps were not taking part in
the storming of the fort. He hoped-and this was a long shot-that the other corps
commanders, especially Abu Ubaidah, would not know of the break-in by Khalid.
Thomas acted fast. He threw in his last reserve against Khalid to delay his advance for as
long as possible, and at the same time sent envoys to the Jabiya Gate to talk with Abu
Ubaidah and offer to surrender the fort peacefully and to pay the Jizya.
Abu Ubaidah received these envoys with courtesy and heard their offer of surrender. He
believed that they had come to him because they were afraid to face Khalid. At the
distance at which he was placed from the East Gate, if he heard sounds of battle at all, he
must have assumed that it was a sally by the Romans; for it could not have occurred to
him that Khalid would scale the wall with ropes. Abu Ubaidah had no doubt in his mind
that Khalid also would agree to peace to put an end to the bloodshed and ensure a quick
occupation of Damascus. Consequently he took upon himself the responsibility of the
decision and accepted the terms of surrender. Damascus would be entered peacefully;
there would be no bloodshed, no plunder, no enslavement and no destruction of temples;
the inhabitants would pay the Jizya; the garrison and any local inhabitants who wished to
do so would be free to depart from the city with all their goods. After this the Roman
envoys went to the corps commanders at the other gates and informed then that a peace
had been arranged with the Muslim commander and that the gates would be opened
shortly, through which the Muslims could enter in peace. There would be no resistance.
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Page 13
Soon after dawn Abu Ubaidah, followed by his officers and the rest of his corps, entered
Damascus in peace from the Jabiya Gate, and marched towards the centre of the city. He
was accompanied by Thomas and Harbees and several dignitaries and bishops of
Damascus. Now Abu Ubaidah, walking like an angel of peace, and Khalid advancing like
a tornado, arrived simultaneously at the centre of Damascus, at the Church of Mary.
Khalid had just broken through the last Roman resistance. The other corps commanders
had also entered the city and were moving peacefully towards the centre.
Abu Ubaidah and Khalid stared at each other in amazement. Abu Ubaidah noted that
Khalid and his men held dripping swords in their hands, and he guessed that something
had happened of which he was not aware. Khalid noticed the peaceful air surrounding
Abu Ubaidah and his officers, whose swords were in their sheaths and who were
accompanied by Roman nobles and bishops.
For some time there was no movement. Then Abu Ubaidah broke the tense silence.
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