united, but this was a sterile unity, offering no positive results. With the military affairs of
the Empire in disarray, Bahman had assumed the role of Commander-in-Chief, and was
working feverishly to put the defences of Ctesiphon in order against a Muslim attack
which he was certain would come. Bahman aimed at nothing more ambitious than the
defence of Ctesiphon; and in this he was being realistic, for over the rest of the region
west of the Lower Tigris the Persians had no control.
Over this region the Arab horse was now supreme. Khalid, having crushed four large
Persian armies, knew that there was no further threat of a counter-offensive from
Ctesiphon, and that he could venture into Central Iraq in strength. He made Hira his base
of operations and flung his cavalry across the Euphrates. His mounted columns galloped
over Central Iraq up to the Tigris, killing and plundering those who resisted and making
peace with those who agreed to pay the Jizya. For the command of these fast-moving
columns he used his most dashing generals Dhiraar bin Al Azwar, Qaqa, Muthanna. By
the end of June 633 (middle of Rabi-ul-Akhir 12 Hijri) the region between the rivers was
all his. There was no one to challenge his political and military authority.
Along with military conquest Khalid organised the administration of the conquered
territories. He appointed officers over all the districts to see that the Jizya was promptly
paid and that the local inhabitants provided intelligence about the Persians and guides for
the movement of Muslim units. Khalid also sent two letters to Ctesiphon, one addressed
to the court and the other to the people. The letter to the Persian court read as follows:
In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful. From Khalid bin Al Waleed to the
kings of Persia.
Praise be to Allah who has disrupted your system and thwarted your designs. And if He
had not done so it would have been worse for you. Submit to our orders and we shall
leave you and your land in peace; else you shall suffer subjugation at the hands of a
people who love death as you love life.
2
The letter addressed to the people was in much the same words, with the added promise
of Muslim protection in return for the payment of the Jizya. Both the letters were carried
by local Arabs of Hira and delivered at Ctesiphon. There was no reply!
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