When forming up the Muslims, Khalid had instructed the commanders of the wings to
engage the enemy wings on his signal but not to attack with any great violence-only
enough to tie down the enemy wings before he launched the attack of the centre. Now
Khalid gave the signal, and the Muslim wings moved forward and engaged the opposing
wings. For some time this action continued. Aqqa was left perplexed about why the
Muslim centre was not attacking. Then Khalid, followed by his bodyguard, charged at
Aqqa.
The bodyguard engaged the Arab warriors who stood near Aqqa, while Khalid and Aqqa
began to duel. Aqqa was a brave and skilful fighter, prepared to give as good as he took;
but to his dismay he soon found himself overpowered and captured by Khalid. When the
soldiers in the Arab centre saw heir commander captive, many of them surrendered and
the rest of the centre turned and fled. Its example was followed by the wings; and the
Arab army, leaving many of its officers in Muslim hands, retreated in haste to Ain-ut-
Tamr.
The Arabs arrived at the fort to find the Persians gone. Mahran had sent a few scouts to
watch the battle and report its progress. As soon as they saw the Arabs turn their backs to
Khalid, these scouts galloped back to inform Mahran of the Arab defeat. Without wasting
a moment Mahran led his army out of Ain-ut-Tamr and marched off to Ctesiphon.
Discovering that they had been abandoned, the Arabs rushed into the fort, closed the
gates, and prepared rather uncertainly for a siege.
The Muslims arrived and besieged the fort. Aqqa and the prisoners were paraded outside
the fort, so that the defenders could see that their commander and comrades were helpless
captives. This had an unnerving effect on the defenders, who called for a surrender on
terms, but Khalid rejected the call. There would be no terms; they could surrender
unconditionally and place themselves at his mercy. The Arab elders debated the situation
for a while, and then decided that an unconditional surrender involved less risk than
fighting on; for in the latter case their chances of survival would be slim indeed. In the
end of July 633 (middle of Jamadi-ul-Awwal, 12 Hijri) the defenders of Ain-ut-Tamr
surrendered to Khalid.
On the orders of Khalid, warriors who had defended the fort and those who had fought
the Muslims on the road to Anbar were beheaded.
3
These included the chief Aqqa bin
Abi Aqqa. The remainder were made captive, and the wealth of Ain-ut-Tamr was taken
and distributed as spoils of war.
In Ain-ut-Tamr there was a monastery in which the Muslims found 40 boys-mainly
Arabs-who were being trained for the priesthood. They were all taken captive. Among
these captives there was a boy called Nusair, who was later to have a son called Musa,
and Musa would become famous as the Muslim governor of North Africa and the man
who launched Tariq bin Ziyad into Spain.
After a few days spent in dealing with problems of organisation and administration,
Khalid prepared to return to Hira. He was about to set out when he received a call for
help from Northern Arabia. After a brief consideration of this request, Khalid changed
the direction of his march and gave his men a new destination-Daumat-ul-Jandal.
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