LECTURE 1
GRAMMAR IN THE SYSTEMATIC CONCEPTION OF LANGUAGE. THE
DEVELOPMENT OF GRAMMAR AND ITS TYPES
Plan of the lecture:
Plan of the lecture:
1. Definitions to the term “grammar”.
2. The aims of the theoretical course of Grammar
3. Language families and groups
4. The typology of non-related languages
5. Grammar and its types
Key words: Germanic, Indo-European, typology, related, non-related
.
In
linguistics
,
The word “grammar” derives from Greek and means “art of letters”
(grammar letter).
Grammar is the set of
structural
rules governing the composition
of
clauses
,
phrases
, and
words
in any given
natural language
. The term refers also to the study of
such rules, and this field includes
phonology
,
morphology
, and
syntax
, often complemented
by
phonetics
,
semantics
, and
pragmatics
.
As Sidney Greenbaum and Gerald Nelson write in "An Introduction to English Grammar":
"There are several applications of grammatical study: (1) A recognition of grammatical
structures is often essential for punctuation; (2) A study of one's native grammar is helpful when
one studies the grammar of a foreign language; (3) A knowledge of grammar is a help in the
interpretation of literary as well as nonliterary texts, since the interpretation of a passage
sometimes depends crucially on grammatical analysis; (4) A study of the grammatical resources
of English is useful in composition: in particular, it can help you to evaluate the choices available
to you when you come to revise an earlier written draft." (2nd ed. Pearson, 2002)
Speakers of a language have a set of internalized rules for using that language and these
rules constitute that language's grammar. The vast majority of the information in the grammar is
– at least in the case of one's
native language
–
acquired
not by conscious study or instruction,
but by observing other speakers. Much of this work is done during early childhood; learning a
language later in life usually involves a greater degree of explicit instruction. Thus, grammar is
the cognitive information underlying language use.
The term "grammar" can also be used to describe the rules that govern the linguistic behaviour
of a group of speakers. The term "English grammar", therefore, may have several meanings. It
may refer to the whole of English grammar, that is, to the grammars of all the speakers of the
language, in which case, the term encompasses a great deal of variation. Alternatively, it may
refer only to what is common to the grammars of all, or of the vast majority of English speakers
(such as
subject–verb–object
word order in
simple declarative sentences
). Or it may refer to the
rules of a particular, relatively well-defined variety of English (such as
standard English
for a
particular region).
Outside linguistics, the term grammar is often used in a rather different sense. In some
respects, it may be used more broadly, including rules of
spelling and punctuation
, which
linguists would not typically consider to form part of grammar, but rather as a part
of
orthography
, the set of conventions used for writing a language. In other respects, it may be
used more narrowly, to refer to
prescriptive grammar
only and excluding those aspects of a
language's grammar that are not subject to variation or debate. Jeremy Butterfield claimed that,
for non-linguists, "Grammar is often a generic way of referring to any aspect of English that
people object to."