Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering



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Photovoltaic science and engineering (1)

C
1
C
2
D
L
Figure 19.24
Step-down converter during “on” state
V
PV
V
load
i
L
S
1
C
1
C
2
D
L
Figure 19.25
Step-down converter during “off” state
diode instead (Figure 19.25). Neglecting the voltage drop across the diode, the current
falls down, however, due to the following equation:
d
i
L
d
t
= −
V
load
L
The capacitor C
1
is used to support the supply voltage (
V
PV
). In principle, S
1
is
turned on and off with a switching frequency (i.e. with “
t
on
” and “
t
off
”). With regard to
Ohm’s law, the behaviour of the load voltage can be obtained from the load current (
=
i
L
).


INVERTERS
887
tt
V
PV
V
load
t
1
t
on
t
off
t
0
Figure 19.26
Behaviour of the load voltage of a step-down converter
I
PV
V
PV
V
load
R
load
i
L
L
S
1
C
1
D
Figure 19.27
Equivalent circuit diagram of a step-up converter
As shown in Figure 19.26, the resulting load voltage obviously has a ripple, which can
be smoothed by the additional capacitor C
2
. Anyway, its average value (
V
load
) is lower
than
V
PV
. In case the switching frequency is increased, for example, up to the kilohertz
range, then the necessary inductance can be reduced considerably.
The resulting voltage transformation can be described by the relation of the switch-
ing time as follows:
V
load
V
PV
=
t
on
t
off
+
t
on
19.2.4.3.2 Step-up converter (Boost converter)
By rearrangement of the components of the step-down converter, a step-up converter can
be obtained (Figure 19.27). Contrarily, here
V
PV
is stepped up. At a steady state as S
1
is
still “off”,
V
load
is equal to the
V
PV
, neglecting the voltage across diode.
As shown in Figure 19.28, during “on” state, without C
1
the load voltage drops
immediately to zero. The circuit current (
=
i
L
) flows through the inductor L and S
1
and
rises according to the following equation:
d
i
L
d
t
=
V
PV
L


888
POWER CONDITIONING FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMS
I
PV
i
L
V
PV
V
load
R
load
L
S
1

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