Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering



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Photovoltaic science and engineering (1)

C
1
C
2
L
D
Figure 19.31
Equivalent circuit diagram of a step-down/step-up converter
I
PV
i
L
S
1
V
PV
V
load
R
load
L
C
2
C
1
D
Figure 19.32
Step-down/step-up converter during “on” state


890
POWER CONDITIONING FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMS
V
PV
V
load
S
1
C
1
C
2
L
i
L
D
Figure 19.33
Step-down/step-up converter during “off” state
19.2.4.3.4 Combination of a step-down converter with an inverter
The combination of a step-down converter with a voltage inversion is shown in
Figure 19.34. It should be noted that in this configuration the voltage of the DC input
sources must always be equal to or bigger than the AC peak voltage.
C1
L1
C1
S0
S1
S2
D
AC output
DC sources
Figure 19.34
The combination of a step-down converter with inverters allows to produce
sine-shaped AC output voltage. Wave shapes correspond to the voltage at the terminals over them
19.2.4.3.5 Voltage shaping by digital synthesis
In a further concept, the step-down converter can be replaced by digital synthesis as
shown in Figure 19.34. In this concept, the desired voltage is obtained by binary addition
of individual voltage sources [5–7]. Depending on the sum of these sources, the sine-shape
can be approximated.
When using 5 sources, 32 voltage steps according to 2
5
adjustable levels can be
obtained as shown in Figure 19.35. The resulting total harmonic distortion (THD)
1
can
be kept well below 5%.
1
Definition of THD: sum of the amplitudes of all harmonic frequencies compared to the amplitude of the
fundamental signal (the 50- or 60-Hz frequency).


INVERTERS
891
12 V
24 V
48 V
96 V
192 V
S1
S4
S3
S2
Analog-to-digital converter
Input for
grid monitoring
Grid
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
V
/
V
ef
f
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360

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