Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering



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Photovoltaic science and engineering (1)

Figure 19.15
General structure of a grid-connected PV system


882
POWER CONDITIONING FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMS
Current
I

f
(
V
)
Po
wer
P

f
(
V
)
= MPP (maximum power point)
25
°
C
60
°
C
Voltage
[V]
Figure 19.16
Maximum power point (MPP) for different module temperatures
u
(
t
)
i
(
t
)
P
(
t
)
t
0
Figure 19.17
Pulsewise injection of power into single-phase grids needs energy storage
As a consequence, the actual power injected into the grid becomes
P (t)
=
u(t)
·
i(t)
=
u
o
·
sin
(ωt)
·
i
o
·
sin
(ωt)
=
u
o
·
i
o
·
sin
2
(ωt)
=
ui
[1
+
sin
(
2
ωt)
]
These power pulses with a frequency of 100 Hz are also shown in Figure 19.17. Since
the PV generator provides continuous and quasi-constant power and since power injection


INVERTERS
883
Current
[A]
MPP
Voltage
[V]
Voltage ripple through
imperfect storage
Po
wer
[W]
Figure 19.18
Deviations from the MPP through DC voltage ripple caused by the working principle
of single-phase inverters
into the grid is pulsewise, each single-phase inverter needs a storage element that can be
realised either using a capacitor or an inductor [3]. Since for economic reasons these
storage elements must be limited, a voltage ripple can be found with all single-phase
inverters at the DC side. This ripple forces the PV generator to deviate from the MPP as
shown in Figure 19.18.
Well-designed single-phase inverters show DC voltage ripple with a negligible
influence on MPP deviations. It should be noted at this point that three-phase inverters
inject a continuous power into the grid, which eliminates the need for this kind of storage.

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