13 The planet
M odal v e rb s in th e past
Past m odal verbs d iffe r greatly in use from the present m odal verbs, even though they look
sim ilar.
Modal verbs for deduction in the past:
Must/m ustn’t is used
from the speaker's point of view to express a strong likelihood in the past
m u st/m ustn't + have + past participle
OR
m ust/m ustn't + have + been + past participle
The prim e m in iste r m u stn 't have kept his promise about increasing alternative energy form s,
as I've seen nothing in the news about it.
(I think it was likely he didn’t keep his promise)
Note: M ustn't can be replaced by
couldn’t fo r the same meaning.
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