The Dual Process Model
- Liz Ghini Moliski
There is a lot of great research on how experts reason, solve problems, and
make decisions that is very applicable to the GMAT. When I was a student
in the PhD program at the University of Chicago’s Booth School of Business, I
became fascinated by this sort of research and even ran studies on doctors making hypo
thetical medical decisions to test my theories.
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Thats nice, you may think, but how is this relevant to getting a better GMAT score?
Well, getting a high GMAT score is all about becoming a GMAT expert. Understand
ing the way experts think through and solve complex problems, both in general and on
the GMAT, can help you more efficiently master the thinking skills that you need in
order to become a GMAT expert.
There is general agreement among psychologists that there are two fundamentally dif
ferent ways to think. The psychologist Daniel Kahneman (who you will run into again
in business school when you study prospect theory and behavioral economics) laid
this out in his Dual Process Model of thinking. He called the two basic methods that
people use system 1 and system 2, or intuition and logical reasoning. Intuition is as
sociative thinking, which is fast and relies on shortcuts like pattern matching, whereas
logical reasoning is slow and effortful because it relies on step-by-step, rule-based
thinking.
For thousands of years, people have argued about which method was the overall best
one. The ancient Greek philosophers typically favored step-by-step, rule-based think
ing, whereas artists and other creative types throughout history generally favored
intuition. Modern psychologists have concluded something rather commonsensical
and practical, though: the best problem solvers use both of these styles of thinking and
move back and forth between them fluently.
Intuition is fast because pattern recognition is fast. It relies on the brains ability to
distinguish patterns and associate them with something previously experienced. With
practice, people learn to almost instantly recognize groups of squiggly lines as letters,
groups of letters as words, and then groups of words as algebra word problems. Catego
rization is a natural response to recognition and it makes possible the next step in this
process— associating a response with a certain stimulus (such as recognizing an algebra
word problem and then knowing to create a variable table and set up equations). Your
brain needs to make sense of the input stimulus at whatever level you perceive it (be it
letters, words, or an algebra word problem) in order to know how to respond.
In contrast to pattern recognition and associative reasoning, rule-based reasoning is
slow and effortful because it relies on methodical step-by-step thinking. Although ba
bies recognize patterns, most people do not develop the ability to engage in rule-based,
step-by-step reasoning until they are somewhere between 7 and 11 years old. This kind
of reasoning requires thinking explicitly about each step taken and checking to see that
it follows correctly from the previous step. When teachers teach students something
new, such as how to manipulate a quadratic expression, they generally start with step-
by-step, rule-based reasoning that details exactly how students should proceed with the
task.
MANHATTAN
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