Giorgi baRaTuria

Ключевые слова: Менеджмент; управление бизнесом; государственное управление; специфика системы государственного управления; регламентация управления; взаимоотношения с персоналом; выборный цикл; многофакторный объект; критерии оценки результатов деятельности; административно-командное управления; крайний либерализм; взаимоотношения государства и бизнеса; эффективный менеджер; правая экономическая диктатура; левая экономическая диктатура; Вильсон; Кейнс; Черчилль; Рузвельт.
Рецензент - профессор Догонадзе Шота Акакиевич, Грузинский технический университет
raul RibrZe
saqarTvelos adgili msoflio geostrategiul
sivrceSi
qveynis warmatebiT ganviTarebisaTvis udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs geografiul mdebareobas da mis geostrategiul adgils. amasTanave umniSvnelovanesia qveynis bunebrivi resursebi, landSaftidan dawyebuli wiaRiseuli simdidreebiT damTavrebuli, aseve mniSvnelovania misi mosaxleobis raodenoba da simWidrove, religia, erovnuli tradicibi, kultura da sxva faqtorebi. magram Cven am SemTxvevaSi azrs ganvaviTarebT qveynebis geofrafiul adgilsa da maT geostrategiul mniSvnelobaze da yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT msofilo civilizaciis centrebisa da maTi periferiebis urTierTobis sakiTxze.
aRsaniSnavia, rom ar arsebobs centri periferiis gareSe da piriqiT. yovelgvar centrs gaaCnia Tavisi warmoSobis mizezebi da mniSvneloba, miTumetes roca saubaria civilizaciis centrebze, igi Zalzed mniSvnelovani, saamayo, mimzidveli da momxiblavia. igi progresis matarebelia ara mxolod am statusis mqone qveynebisaTvis, aramed mis periferiaSi mcxovrebTaTvisac, magram arsebuli kanonzomierebidan gamomdinare, rom yvelafers aqvs Tavisi sawyisi aRmavlobisa da Semdgom aucileblobiT daRmavlobis periodebi, ra Tqma unda vrceldeba dawinaurebul qveynebzec, civilizaciis centrebis rogorc SigniT ise mis periferiebze arseboben da Tavs iCenen misadmi dapirispirebuli is Zalebi, romlebic ewinaaRmdegebian da sabolood angreven mas. amgvarad, dawinaurebuli, gamdidrebuli da ayvavebuli civilizaicis centrebi, TavianTi mimzidvelobis gamo yovelTvis xdebian periferiisa da ara mxolod maTi samizne misi gaZarcvisa Tu dapyrobis mizniT.
am gagebiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom periferiuli mdgomareoba ufro xelsayreli da momgebianic iyos qveynisaTvis, miTumetes Tu civilizaciis centri ar aris agresiuli da dampyrobeli. gansakuTrebiT aseTi centrisgan periferias SeuZlia miiRos didi sikeTe, aRmSeneblobis impulsebi, dadebiTi unar-Cvevebi, sameurneo da saomari iaraRebis, teqnikisa da teqnologiebis daxvewis da saerTod kulturis amaRlebis mxriv.
Tu gadavxedavT msoflio istorias, civilizaciis centrebisa da misi periferiebis urTierTmimarTebis TvalsazrisiT davinaxavT, rom msoflio civilizaciis centrebis warmoSobis ada ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria cxovrebisTvis xelsayreli bunebrivi pirobebi da geostrategiuli mdebareoba. winaurdeba da warmatebas aRwevs is xalxebi da qveynebi, romlebic obieqturi Tu subieqturi mizezebiT axerxeben TviTorganizebas da qmnian maTTvis xelsayrel garemos. Tu isini SeZleben Tavidan aicilon centris Semawuxebeli zewola da aseve barbarosebis Semosevebi, maSin periferiaze mcxovreb xalxebs eZlevaT saSualeba da didi Sansi stabiluri ganviTarebisa da axali civilizaciis kerebad Camoyalibebisa.
amgvarad, qveynis warmatebiT ganviTarebisaTvis sasurveli da xelsayrelia civilizaciis centrTan axlos periferiaSi cxovreba (magram ara yovelTvis), radgan Sesabamisi pirobebisa da garemoebaTa xelSewyobiT meti Sansi eZleva gakulturebisa da gaZlierebisa.
msoflio xalxTa ganviTarebis istoriis kvalobaze SevecdebiT davasabuTod aRniSnuli mosazreba.
Zv.w.aR 3 aTaswleulidan moyolebuli istoriaSi civilizaciis pirvel centrebad ganixilaven SuamdinareTs, egviptes, CineTs. swored am qveynebSi Caeyara safuZveli miwaTmoqmedebas da mkvidr stacionalur dasaxlebebs, rac umniSvnelovanesi pirobaa civilizaciebis Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis.
xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi erTis mxriv evfratisa da tigrosis SuamdinareTSi warmoiSva da gaZlierda babilonis samefo, romelic Zveli msoflios upirvelesi da civilizaciis umniSvnelovanesi centri iyo saukuneebis manZilze. xolo Zv.w.aR.15 saukunidan xeTebi, asureTi da Semdeg urartu ki mis periferiebs warmoadgenda. civilizaaciis centrTan axlos mdebare asureTi xelsayreli pirobebis wyalobiT ganviTarda, gaZlierda misi sazRvrebi Zv.w. 8 saukuneSi xmelTaSua zRvamde gadaiWima didwilad es moxda centris Seviwroebisa da damcrobis xarjze.
xmelTaSua zRvis meore mxares afrikis sanapiroebze mdinare nilosis SesarTavebTan mdinaris lamian da noyier sanapiroebze yalibdeba civilizaciis meore centri egviptis saxiT, romlis periferiaze SemdgomSi ganviTarda da dawinaurda finikia, xolo mis axlo periferiaSi SemdgomSi Camoyalibda Zlieri karTageni.
daaxloebiT amave periodSi me-3 aTaswleulSi aziaSi, mdinare xuanxesa da ianZis auzSi yalibdeba Cinuri, xolo indisa da gangis auzis nayofieri niadagebisa da mdidari bunebrivi pirobebis wyalobiT yalibdeba induri civilizaciebi, rasac didad uwyobs xels gare faqtorebic, kerZod Crdilo-aRmosavleTidan indoeTs esazRvreba tibetis maRali mTebi, xolo Crdilo-dasavleTidan ki Taris rTulad dasaZlevi udabno. aseve CineTs CrdiloeTidan esazRvreba didi gobis udabno, dasavleTidan ki tibetis didi mTebi. samxreTidan ki orive qveynebi garSemortymulia zRvebiT. TavianTi geografiuli mdebareobis gamo, ramdenadme izolirebulad da daculad viTardebodnen da mravldebodnen. indoelebs makedonelisa da Semdeg ingliselebisa, xolo CineTs mongolebisa da iaponelebis garda dampyroblebi realurad arc hyoliaT. garkveul geografiul garemoSi lokalizeba samxreTidan zRvebi da okeane, xolo CrdiloeTidan arsebuli bunebrivi zRudeebi erTis mxriv icavda CineTs da indoeTs barbarosebis Semosevebisagan, magram amave dros ar aZlevda maT gafarToebis SesaZleblobas.
gadavinacvloT evropaSi, xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi civilizaciis ori centris warmoSobam gaaqtiura kacobriobis ganviTarebis procesebi. am orma polusma warmoSva sasazRvro xazi, romelic gadioda xmelTaSua zRvaze. viTardeba naosnoba, vaWroba, saqonlis gacvla-gamocvla, aReb-micemoba. yovelive aman xeli Seuwyo egeosis zRvaSi, romelic daxunZluli iyo kargad misadgomi kunZulebiT da warmoadgenda naosnobis ganviTarebisaTvis SesaniSnav areals da me-3 aTaswleulis bolos yalibdeba egeosuri kultura da Cndeba civilizaciis axali centri.
miTumetes aqve axlos mcire aziaSi Zv.w.aR. 15 saukunidan Zlierdeba xeTebis qveyana, romelic manamdeli civilizaciebis periferias warmoadgenda, ramac mis Semdgom ganviTarebas ra Tqma unda xeli Seuwyo, magram SemdgomSi civilizaciebis gafarToebis Sedegad igi eqceva civilizaciebis centrSi. ganviTarebuli qveynebis SuagulSi moqceva, ara saxarbielo mdgomareobaa qveynisaTvis, radgan izrdeba da Zlierdeba daZabulobis veli, rac iwvevs Zlier samezobloebTan konfliqtebs, omebs da sxva arasasurvel movlenebs. amitomac xeTebis samefom ver gauZlo misadmi momarTul zewolebs da SedarebiT adre daiSala da troas dacemis Semdeg datova istoriis asparezi.
xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi Zv.w.a. 11-6 ss. winaurdeba da Zlierdeba civilizaciis ori centri finikia-egviptis periferiaze da egeosis zRvis arialSi saberZneTi da makedonia.
aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom civilizaciis es centrebi mimarTulni da dainteresebuli iyvnen xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiro zoliT (am arialSi Sedioda Savi da azovis zRvebic Sesabamisad kolxeTi da egrisi) isini eweodnen gamalebul vaWrobas, aarsebdnen koloniebs da am SemosavlebiT avrcelebdnen TavianT kulturasa da gavlenis sferoebs. am qveynebma Seqmnes axali damwerlobebi da mecnieruli midgomebi.
finikiis arealSi Semdeg Camoyalibda karTagenis Zlieri saxelmwifo, romelic azanzarebda evropas. mas did winaaRmdegobas uwevda im dros gZlierebuli romi, romelmac SeZlo bolos misi dangreva.
magram manamde sanam civilizaciis yvela gza romisken warimarTeba, manam aTeni gaxldaT civilizaciis centri. berZnuli qalaq-saxelmwifoebi gansakuTrebul aRmavlobas Zv.w.aR. me-4 saukuneSi aRweven. am periodSive saberZneTis periferiaze CrdiloeTiT gaZlierebas iwyebs makedoniis samefo, romelic aerTianebs berZnul qalaq-saxelmwifoebs da gaerTianebuli ZaliT, aleqsandre makedonelis winamZRolobiT ipyrobs im droisaTvis uZlieres da umdidres sparseTs, romelic jer kidev babilonisa da mere asureTis periferiaze aRmocenda da warmoadgenda udidesi kulturis centrs, romelic did gavlenas axdenda saqarTvelos istoriul ganviTarebaze, rogorc mis periferiaze.
aleqsandre makedonelis mier Seqmnilma imperiam, romelic indoeTamde gadaiWima, misi sikvdilis Semdeg cota xniT iarseba. mis periferiaze myofma saqarTvelom makedonelis memkvidreTa Soris atexili omiT isargebla. aRmosavleTisa da dasavleT saqarTvelos gaerTianebiT mefe farnavazma da qujma gandevna mcxeTaSi gamefebuli azoni da Zv.w.aR. me-4 saukunis bolos pirvelad Seqmnes gaerTianebuli qarTuli saxelmwifo.
mniSvnelovania, rom Zv.w.aR. me-3 saukunidan Zlierdeba romi, romelic manamde saberZneTis periferias warmoadgenda. gansxvavebiT berZnebisagan maTi dapyrobiTi politika mimarTuli iyo ara marto xmelTaSua zRvis pira qveynebis, aramed xmeleTzec Rrmad SeiWra da imorCilebda evr-aziisa Tu afrikis xalxebs, gahyavda gzebi da anviTarebda vaWrobasa da kulturas. yovelive aman saSualeba misca periferiaze mcxovreb evropis xalxebs ax.w.aR. me-5 saukunidan gZlierebuliyvnen, gacivilizebuliyvnen da SemdgomSi saxelmwifoebad Camoyalibebuliyvnen.
me-5 saukuneSi sparseTis da bizantiis civilizaciebs Soris periferiaze kvlav gaZlierda saqarTvelo, romelic sargeblobda maT Soris uTanxmoebiTa da omebiT. vaxtang gorgaslis mefobis dros saqarTvelos SeZlo 100000 meti jaris gamoyvana qveynis Semdgomi gaZlierebisa da gafarToebisaTvis. samxreTiT saqarTvelos gafarToeba SeuZlebeli iyo masze didi da Zlieri qveynebis bizantiisa da sparseTis gamo, amitom man darubandidan Semouara da dalaSqra Crdilo kavkasiis teritoriebi. daamarcxa osebi da xazarebi, Semoimtkica Cveni modgmis Crdilo kavkasieli xalxebi, magram CrdiloeTiT gafarToeba saqarTvelosTvis SeuZlebeli gaxda geografiuli garemos (kavkasiis qediT SemozRudulobisa da SemdgomSi Camoyalibebuli istoriul viTarebaTa gamo).
romis imperiis periferiaze arabeTis udabnoSi mcxovrebi arabi tomebi, romlis dapyrobiTac arc erTi civilizaciis centri ar yofila dainteresebuli maTi uvargisi miwebisa da mZime sacxovrebeli pirobebis gamo, TandaTan gaZlierdnen, gaerTiandnen da me-7 saukunidan daiZrnen ukeTesi miwebisa da civilizebuli qveynebis dasalaSqrad. arabebis mier dapyrobili teritoria portugalidan aralis zRvamde gadaiWima. dapyrobi teritoriaze ki isini islams da TavianT kulturas avrcelebdnen.
me-10 saukuneSi arabuli imperia daiSala. amave periodSi bizantiis imperiaSic xdeba ryevebi (ajanyebebi barda skliarosisa da barda fokasi), riTac isargebla saqarTvelom da bagrat III bagrationis dros kvlav moxerxda saqarTvelos gamTlianeba.
aRmosavleTSi aralis zRvispireTSi, yarayumisa da yizilyumis udabnoebis mimdebare stepebSi, cxovrobda Turqmanuli modgmis xalxebi, romlebic arabuli civilizaciis periferiaze moxvedram gamoafxizla. (amasTanave, am arealSi samxreTiT gadioda abareSumis gza, romelic funqcionirebda Zv.w.aR 2 saukunidan 17 saukunemde, romlis erTi Sto saqarTvelozec gadioda). am civilizaciuri sazRvrebis moaxloebam Turaniis dablobze momTabare Turq-seljukTa anu oRuzi tomebis gZliereba da Semdgom me-11 saukuneSi samxreT-dasavleTisaken daZvra saqarTvelos samxreTiT gamezobleba da winaaziis teritoriebze, sabolood dasaxleba gamoiwvia. saqme imaSia, rom imdroindeli saqarTvelo masTan moaxloebuli seljukebisaTvis periferiad ki ar ganixileboda, aramed centrad. maT undodaT qveynis mTlianad aTviseba, Zlieri placdarmis Seqmna bizantiis imperiis sabolood dasangrevad. saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg maT mier mimarTulma 8 wlianma omma moaoxra da momakvdinebeli dartymebi miayena qveyanas.
swored am mZime viTarebaSi mouwia gamefeba daviT IV aRmaSenebels, romelmac miwisZvriTa Tu momxdurTa mier miwasTan gasworebuli qveyana aRadgina, gaaerTiana da samxreTis musulmanur samyaroze didgoris gamarjvebiT safuZveli daudo qarTul renesanss, romelsac me-13 saukuneSi jalal ed dinisa da Semdeg monRolebis Semosevam wertili dausva.
saqarTvelos saxelmwifod Camoyalibebidan moyolebuli: farnavazidan, gorgaslidan, aRmaSeneblidan Tamaris CaTvliT, saqarTvelos zeobis periodebSi, mas hqonda Sansi da mcdelobebic saxelmwifos sazRvrebis gafarToebisa, samxreTis mimarTulebiT es SeuZlebeli xdeboda xan berZnebis, xan romis, xan iranis, xan bizantiis didi saxelmwifoebis gamo. xolo me-11 saukunidan Turq-seljukebis Camosaxlebam da Semdeg me-15 saukuneSi bizantionis dacemam da TurqeTis otomanTa imperiis Camoyalibebam saerTod amaze ocnebac ki SeuZlebeli gaxda.
SesaZlebeli iyo qveynis CrdiloeTiT ganvrcobaze zrunva., rac SesaZleblobebis pirobebSi xorcieldeboda kidevac, xdeboda Crdilo kavkasiel monaTesave xalxebTan integracia, magram aqac bunebrivma zRudem kavkasionis qedma SegviSala xeli.
me-13 saukuneSi Cinuri civilizaciuri centris periferiaze gobis udabnos mimdebare stepebSi moxda monRoluri tomebis gaerTianeba Cingizxanis meTaurobiT, maT gaZlierebis Semdeg pirveli dartyma mimarTuli iqna mdidari da civilizebuli centrisaken CineTisaken, romlis dapyrobis Semdeg daiZrnen dasavleTisaken da TiTqmis karpatebamde daimorCiles da daipyres uzarmazari teritoriebi.
aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom roca Zlieri saxelmwifo ipyrobs sust an naklebad ganviTarebul xalxebs, igi nakleb resursebs xarjavs da ufro Zlierdeba, magram uzomod didi teritoriebis dapyroba da efeqturad aTviseba Semdgom rTuldeba da saboloo jamSi iwvevs mis dasustebasa da daSlas. ase mouvidaT monRolebsac. monRolebma saqarTvelo me-13 saukuneSi daipyres. me-14 saukuneSi monRolebis dasustebiT isargebla giorgi brwyinvalem da moaxerxa saqartvelos gaerTianeba da gaZlereba.
me-15 saukuneSi monRolebis uRlidan ganTavisuflebuli ruseTi Zlierdeba da iwyebs rogorc aRmosavleTiT, ise gansakuTrebiT samxreTisaken gafarToebas monRolebis mier datovebuli miwebisa da mosaxleobis aTvisebas.
me-14 saukuneSi Turanis dablobidan wamovida gaTurqebuli monRoluri tomebi Temur-lengis meTaurobiT, romelmac 8-jer dalaSqra saqarTvelo, misi Semotevebi momakvdinebeli iyo saqarTvelosTvis, mas undoda kavkasiis gadmosasvlelebis Caketva, raTa oqros urdos monRoloba kavkasiis qedze ar gadmosuliyvnen. Turqmanuli tomebis e.w. TeTrbatknianebisa da Savbatknianebis am periodSi parpaSma Zalzed daasusta rogorc saqarTvelo, ise irani. gaZlierebulma Turq-seljukebma 11 saukuneSi dawyebuli saqme 15 saukuneSi 1453 wels daagvirgvines. konstantinepolis aRebiT da bizantiis imperiis ganadgurebiT da mis adgilze osmaleTis imperia Seqmnes, rasac mohyva saqarTvelos qveSevrdomi trapizonis samefosa da saqarTelos daSla, radgan osmaleTi am teritoriebs Taviusi arsebobisa da ZlierebisaTvis masze gabatonebas aucileblad miiCnevda.
me-16 saukuneSi iranis lomi iwyebs gaRviZebas da arenaze gamodis Sah-abasi da Semdgom mogvianebiT nadir-Sahi, romlebic xedavdnen ruseTis gaZlierebas da samxreTisaken svlas. amitomac ikaveben saqarTvelos, raTa kavkasiis kliteni maT xelSi yofiliyo.
saqarTvelosaTvis SedarebiT ukeTesi periodi dgeba me-18 saukuneSi, roca TurqeTi da irani omebiT ramdenadme dasustebulebi iyvnen, riTac isargebla qarTl-kaxeTis mefe ereklem, SemoierTa somxeTisa da Azerbaijanis nawili da aqtiurad daiwyo qveynis gaZliereba ruseTis meSveobiT, romlis muxanaTuri Ralati dasrulda aRa-mahmad xanis gamanadgurebeli SemoseviT. Semdeg dasustebuli saqarTvelo ruseTma faqtiurad Tavis guberniad aqcia. aqedan moyolebuli, miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelom orjer moaxerxa damoukideblobis mopoveba, ruseTi yovel Rones xmarobs, Tundac Zalismieri meTodebiT ar gauSvas Tavis klanWebidan da mudmivad hyavdes Tavis geostrategiul arealSi.
amgvarad, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom saqarTvelo uZvelesi droidan iyo msoflio civilizaciebis centrSi Tu ara mis uaxloes periferiebSi mainc. Tavisi geografiuli adgiliTa Tu geostrategiuli mniSvnelobiT udides interess iwvevda rogorc msoflio civilizaciis centrebis, ise barbaros dampyroblebSi.
or zRvasa da kavkasiis or (didi da mcire) qeds Soris, SesaniSnav bunebriv Tu klimatur pirobebSi mdebare qveynis floba sanukvar ocnebad rCeba dampyrobTaTvis. swored am RvTisgan boZebulma saukeTeso adgilma da misadmi didma siyvarulma SegvaZlebina uZvelesi civilizaciisa da kulturis mqone Cveni modgmis didi xalxidan SemovrCeniliyaviT mcire narCenad. marTalia, kavkasiis qedebi, bunebrivi pirobebi da reliefi iyo Cveni mcveli, imedi, mSveleli, Semosevebis dros gadamrCeneli da sxva sikeTeebis momtani, magram gauTavebeli Semotevebisa da dapyrobebis gamo ver vaxerxebdiT gamravlebasa da gafarToebas, iSviaTad Tuki gveZleoda amis saSualeba, Cveni winaprebi mudam zrunavdnen amaze, magram samxreTis mimarTulebiT Cvens sazRvrebs TiTqmis yovelTvis momdgari iyo Cvenze gacilebiT didi da Zlieri mtrebi da Cveni mcdelobebis miuxedavad, gafarToeba ki ara Cveni teritoriebidanac ki gvyridnen da gvamcroben. rac Seexeba CrdiloeTis mxares, Cven marTlac gvqonda mcdelobac da Sansic am mimaTulebiT Cveni modgmis xalxebTan erTad gavfarToebuliyaviT, magram jer am teritoriebze momTabare tomebma midielebma, sarmatebma, skviTebma, yivCaRebma da sxvebma. Semdeg ki monRolebis Semosevebma da misi samxreTuli urdos ilxanTa samefos gabatonebam, monRolebis Semdgom ki Turqmanuli tomebis gaZlierebam, osmalTa imperiis eqspansiam Crdilo kavkasieli Cveni monaTesave qristiani xalxebis gamusulmanebam da TavianTi gavlenis qveS moqcevam, xolo Semdeg ruseTis samxreTisaken eqspansiam wertili dausva Cvens ocnebasac ki. amitomac avleben parallels Cvens miTologiur gmirTan, kavkasiis qedze mijaWvul amiranTan, romelsac sul kortian da ver wyvets borkilebs, es Cveni bedisweraa da Sesabamisad, roca Cveni qeyana dgas Tanamedrove msofliosTan mimarTebaSi Cveni geostrategiuli amcanebisa da gamowvevebis winaSe, aucileblad unda gaviTvaliswinoT Cveni umdidresi istoriuli gamocdilebebi daTmoba-lavirebisa da principuli poziciebis Sejereba da maqsimalurad warmatebiT gamoyeneba aris aucilebeli Cveni geostrategiuli politikisaTvis. Cven Zalzed unda gaufrTxildeT erovnul saganZurs: bunebriv resursebs, miwa-wyals, savalalo mdgomareobaSi Cavardnil demografiul problemebs, Cvens Zvirfas tradiciebs, TavisTavadobasa da keTilganwyobas Cvens samezoblosa da mTeli msoflios mimarT.