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him and a visitor. This signaled that he was
in charge. When he wanted a less formal
dialogue, he moved around to the front of
the desk and sat beside his visitor. Michael
Dell of Dell Computer, in contrast, has his
desk facing a side window so that, when he
turns around to greet a visitor, there is never
anything between them.
A third form of nonverbal communica-
tion is body language.
28
The distance we
stand from someone as we speak has mean-
ing. In the United States, standing very close
to someone you are talking to generally sig-
nals either familiarity or aggression. The
English and Germans stand farther apart
than Americans when talking, whereas the
Arabs, Japanese, and Mexicans stand closer
together.
29
Eye contact is another effective
means of nonverbal communication. For
example,
prolonged
eye contact
might
suggest either hostility or romantic interest.
Other kinds of body language include body
and hand movement, pauses in speech, and
mode of dress.
The manager should be aware of the importance of nonverbal communication and
recognize its potential impact. Giving an employee good news about a reward with the
wrong nonverbal cues can destroy the reinforcement value of the reward. Likewise,
reprimanding an employee but providing inconsistent nonverbal cues can limit the
effectiveness of the sanctions. The tone of the message, where and how the message is
delivered, facial expressions, and gestures can all amplify or weaken the message or
change the message altogether. E-mails and other digital communication may be misin-
terpreted based on actual content, so some people use “emoticons” to reinforce the
notion that the message is “happy” or “sad.”
MANAGING ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION
In view of the importance and pervasiveness of communication in organizations, it is
vital for managers to understand how to manage the communication process.
30
Man-
agers should understand how to maximize the potential benefits of communication and
minimize the potential problems. We begin our discussion of communication manage-
ment by considering the factors that might disrupt effective communication and how to
deal with them.
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