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conflicting signals when she says on Monday that things should be done one way, but
then prescribes an entirely different procedure on Wednesday. Inconsistent signals are
being sent by a manager who says that he has an “open-door” policy and wants his
subordinates to drop by, but keeps his door closed and becomes irritated whenever
someone stops in.
Numerous barriers can disrupt effective communication. Some of these barriers
involve individual characteristics and processes. Others are functions of the organiza-
tional context in which communication is taking place.
Another barrier is lack of credibility. Credibility problems arise when the sender is
not considered a reliable source of information. He may not be trusted or may not be
perceived as knowledgeable about the subject at hand. When a politician is caught with-
holding information or when a manager makes a series of bad decisions, the extent to
which he or she will be listened to and believed thereafter diminishes. In extreme cases,
people may talk about something they obviously know little or nothing about.
Some people are simply reluctant to initiate a communication exchange. This reluc-
tance may occur for a variety of reasons. A manager may be reluctant to tell subordi-
nates about an impending budget cut because he knows they will be unhappy about it.
Likewise, a subordinate may be reluctant to transmit information upward for fear of
reprisal or because it is felt that such an effort would be futile.
Poor listening habits can be a major barrier to effective communication. Some people
are simply poor listeners. When someone is talking to them, they may be daydreaming,
looking around, reading, texting, or listening to another conversation. Because they are
not concentrating on what is being said, they may not comprehend part or all of the
message. They may even think that they really are paying attention, only to realize later
that they cannot remember parts of the conversation.
Receivers may also bring certain predispositions to the communication process. They
may already have their minds made up, firmly set in a certain way. For example, a man-
ager may have heard that his new boss is unpleasant and hard to work with. When she
calls him in for an introductory meeting, he may go into that meeting predisposed to
dislike her and discount what she has to say.
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