Fundamentals of Management, 8th ed



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Part 4: Leading

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him and a visitor. This signaled that he was

in charge. When he wanted a less formal

dialogue, he moved around to the front of

the desk and sat beside his visitor. Michael

Dell of Dell Computer, in contrast, has his

desk facing a side window so that, when he

turns around to greet a visitor, there is never

anything between them.

A third form of nonverbal communica-

tion is body language.

28

The distance we



stand from someone as we speak has mean-

ing. In the United States, standing very close

to someone you are talking to generally sig-

nals either familiarity or aggression. The

English and Germans stand farther apart

than Americans when talking, whereas the

Arabs, Japanese, and Mexicans stand closer

together.

29

Eye contact is another effective



means of nonverbal communication. For

example,


prolonged

eye contact

might

suggest either hostility or romantic interest.



Other kinds of body language include body

and hand movement, pauses in speech, and

mode of dress.

The manager should be aware of the importance of nonverbal communication and

recognize its potential impact. Giving an employee good news about a reward with the

wrong nonverbal cues can destroy the reinforcement value of the reward. Likewise,

reprimanding an employee but providing inconsistent nonverbal cues can limit the

effectiveness of the sanctions. The tone of the message, where and how the message is

delivered, facial expressions, and gestures can all amplify or weaken the message or

change the message altogether. E-mails and other digital communication may be misin-

terpreted based on actual content, so some people use “emoticons” to reinforce the

notion that the message is “happy” or “sad.”

MANAGING ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION

In view of the importance and pervasiveness of communication in organizations, it is

vital for managers to understand how to manage the communication process.

30

Man-



agers should understand how to maximize the potential benefits of communication and

minimize the potential problems. We begin our discussion of communication manage-

ment by considering the factors that might disrupt effective communication and how to

deal with them.




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