Transportation
Some small firms—about 2.8 percent of all U.S. companies with
fewer than 20 employees—do well in transportation and transportation-related busi-
nesses. Such firms include local taxi and limousine companies, charter airplane
services, and tour operators. In addition, in many smaller markets, bus companies
and regional airlines subcontract local equipment maintenance to small businesses.
Consider, for example, some of the transportation-related small businesses at a ski
resort like Steamboat Springs, Colorado. Most visitors fly to the town of Hayden, about
15 miles from Steamboat Springs. Although some visitors rent vehicles, many others use
the services of Alpine Taxi, a small local operation, to transport them to their destina-
tions in Steamboat Springs. While on vacation, they also rely on the local bus service,
which is subcontracted by the town to another small business, to get to and from the
ski slopes each day. Other small businesses offer van tours of the region, hot-air balloon
rides, and helicopter lifts to remote areas for extreme skiers. Still others provide mainte-
nance support at Hayden for United and American aircraft that serve the area during ski
season.
Manufacturing
More than any other industry, manufacturing lends itself to big
business—and for good reason. Because of the investment normally required in equip-
ment, energy, and raw materials, a good deal of money is usually needed to start a
manufacturing business. Automobile manufacturing, for example, calls for billions of
dollars of investment and thousands of workers before the first automobile rolls off the
assembly line. Obviously, such requirements shut out most individuals. Although Henry
Ford began with $28,000, it has been a long time since anyone started a new U.S. car
company from scratch.
Research has shown that manufacturing costs often fall as the number of units
produced by an organization increases. This relationship between cost and production
is called an economy of scale.
15
Small organizations usually cannot compete effectively
on the basis of economies of scale. As depicted in Figure 5.4(a), organizations with
higher levels of production have a major cost advantage over those with lower levels of
production. Given the cost positions of small and large firms when there are strong
economies of scale in manufacturing, it is not surprising that small manufacturing
organizations generally do not do as well as large ones.
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