Nezavisimaya gazeta,
January 14, 2005, www.ng.ru/ideas/2005-01-14/1_karimov.html.
31. Sarah Kendzior, “Inventing Akromiya: The Role of Uzbek Propagandists in the
Andijon Massacre,” Demokratizatsiya, vol. 14, no. 4, 2006, p. 545.
32. S.N. Abashin, “Kulturnye protsessy i transkulturnye vlianiia v sovremennoi Tsentral-
noi Azii,” www.soros.org/initiatives/arts/focus/caucasus/articles_publications/publications/
abashin_20090514/russian_20090515.pdf.
33. S. Lunev, “Ferganskaia Dolina kak odna iz modelei regionalnogo razvitiia,” Tsen-
tralnaia Aziia,
no. 3, 1997, pp. 25–30.
34. Kulchik, “Respublika Uzbekistan v seredine 90-kh godov.”
35. V. Ia. Belokrenitaskii, V.V. Naumkin et al., eds., Istoriia Vostoka v 6 tomakh, Vostok
v noveishii period (1945–2000),
vol. 6, 2008, p. 439.
36. Thomas Carothers, “Promoting Democracy and Fighting Terror,” Foreign Affairs,
vol. 82, no. 1, 2003, p. 84.
37. Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrott, Russia and the New States of Eurasia, Cambridge,
1994, p. 149.
38. David Lewis, The Temptations of Tyranny in Central Asia, New York, 2008,
p. 43.
39. Jessica Stern, “The Protean Enemy,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 82, no. 4, 2003, p. 27.
40. Zeyno Baran, “Fighting the War of Ideas,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 84, no. 6, 2005,
p. 79.
41. Martha Brill Olcott, “The Impact of Current Events in Uzbekistan,” speech deliv-
ered at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace discussion, May 17, 2005; Shirin
Akinir, “Violence in Andijan, 13 May 2005: An Independent Assessment,” Silk Road Paper,
230 BESHIMOV, SHOZIMOV, BAKHADYROV
Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and Silk Road Studies Program, July 2005, p. 29; Kendzior,
“Inventing Akromiya,” p. 545.
42. Alexander Cooley, “Base Politics,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 84, no. 6, 2005, p. 79.
43. Early reports by the International Crisis Group and Human Rights Watch claiming
700 or 800 deaths have not been upheld by subsequent research, the Russian organization
Memorial’s estimation of one-third to two-thirds of that number being generally accepted
today (Pravozashchitnyi Tsentr “Memorial,” “Piket pamiati zhertv Andizhanskoi tragedii,”
www.memo.ru/2009/05/12/1205091.htm).
44. Kendzior, “Inventing Akromiya,” p. 545.
45. “Radical Islam in Central Asia: Responding to Hizb ut-Tahrir,” Asia Report, no.
58, June 30, 2003, www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/asia/central-asia/058-radical-islam-in-
central-asia-responding-to-hizb-ut-tahrir.aspx.
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82, no. 2, 2003, p. 120.
47. “Central Asia’s Destructive Monoculture: The Curse of Cotton,” Report no. 93,
February 2005, International Crisis Group, pp. 1, 4, 8, 13.
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tipy, organizatsii diaspor,” Vestnik Evrazii, no. 2, 2008, pp. 66–95.
49. N. Zotova, “Vospriiatie migratsii v strane vykhoda: Tadzhikistan,” Vestnnik Evrazii,
no. 23, 2008, pp. 29–30.
50. V.A. Tishkov, ed., Etnicheskaia situatsiia i konflikty v stranakh SNG i Baltii, Ezhe-
godnyi doklad za 2006,
Moscow, 2006, pp. 377–78, 386–87.
51. S. Olimova, “Migratsionnye protsessy v sovremennom Tadzhikistane,” www.demo-
scope.ru/weekly/2005/0223/analit05.php.
52. Okruzhaiushchaia sreda i bezopastnost: transformatsiia riskov v sotrudnichestvo,
UNDP, New York, 2005, http://www.envsec.org/pub/environment-and-security-russian.
pdf, p. 43.
53. Martha Brill Olcott, “The War on Terrorism in Central Asia and the Cause of Demo-
cratic Reform,” p. 86.
54. Maynes, “America Discovers Central Asia,” p. 120.
55. Colton and Tucker, Patterns in Post-Soviet Leadership, p. 258.
56. Eugene Huskey, “Kyrgyzstan’s Tulip Revolution,” Demokratizatsiya, vol. 13, no.
4, 2005, p. 483.
57. Thomas Carothers, “The Backlash Against Democracy Promotion,” Foreign Affairs,
vol. 85, no. 2, p. 55.
58. Kbarzadeh, “Geopolitics Versus Democracy in Tajikistan,” p. 563.
59. Thomas Carruthers, “Promoting Democracy and Fighting Terror,” Foreign Affairs,
vol. 82, no. 1, 2003, p. 84.
60. Martha Brill Olcott, Central Asia’s Second Chance, Washington, DC, 2005,
p. 389.
61. Charles H. Fairbanks, Jr., “Revolution Reconsidered,” Journal of Democracy, vol.
18, no. 1, 2007, pp. 42–57.
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63. R. Grant Smith, “Tajikistan: The Rocky Road to Peace,” Central Asian Survey, vol.
18, no. 2, 1999, p. 243.
64. S. Frederick Starr, “A Partnership for Central Asia,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 84, no. 4,
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65. Ahmed Rashid, “The Taliban: Exporting Extremism,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 78, no.
6, 1999, p. 22.
66. Ofitsialnyi sait Federalnoi sluzhby Rossiiskoi Federatsii po kontroliu za oborotom
narkotiklov, http://fskn.gov.ru.
A NEW PHASE: 1992–2008 231
67. Mezhdunarodnaia trevoga.Tsentralnaia Aziia. Strategicheskii podkhod k postroeniiu
mira,
London, 2006; Nancy Lubin and and Barnett Rubin, Calming the Ferghana Valley:
Development and Dialogue in the Heart of Central Asia,
New York, 1999, p. 41.
68. Tom Gjelten, “Afghan War Could Spill Over into Central Asia,” NPR, December 31,
2010, www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=121973427&ft=1&f=3.
69. Kulchik, “Respublika Uzbekistan v seredine 90-kh godov.”
70. Olcott and Malashenko, Mnogomernye granitsy Tsentralnoi Azii, pp. 14–26.
71. “Radikalnyi Islam v Tsentralnoi Azii: otvet na poiavlenie Khizb ut-Takhrir,” Report
no. 58, MGPK-Asia, Osh and Brussels, June 30, 2003.
72. Rashid, “The Taliban,” p. 22.
232
10
Economic Development in the
Ferghana Valley Since 1991
Sayidfozil Zokirov (Uzbekistan), with
Khojamahmad Umarov (Tajikistan)
The collapse of the communist system led to profound transformations in the
economy of the Ferghana Valley. The differing policies pursued by the three
Ferghana states meant that land use, ownership of property, and compensation of
labor came to differ in the three regions. Underlying all these differences, however,
was continuity with respect to natural resources and their exploitation. The Uzbek
part of the valley includes major deposits of oil, coal, natural gas, gypsum, iron,
copper ore, mercury, salt and silver, bismuth, bauxite, antimony, mercury, and
non-metallic building materials.
1
Tajikistan’s Konimansur boasts the second-largest
silver deposits in the world, with annual production forecasted to reach 50 tons;
in addition, Tajikistan has gold at Djilali, Taror, and other sites, along with major
deposits of lead, zinc, copper and bismuth, molybdenum and tungsten, strontium,
iron, tin, coal, fluorspar, and rock salt.
2
The Kyrgyz part of the Ferghana Valley
has significant deposits of mercury and antimony, while Jalalabad province alone
possesses 95 percent of the country’s generating capacity for electricity.
3
Major branches of industry are also concentrated in the Ferghana region, includ-
ing automotive works, chemical and petrochemical firms, food processing plants,
and producers of construction materials. Cotton dominates the agricultural sector but
sericulture, horticulture, and many forms of truck gardening are also prominent.
The exceptionally high population density throughout the valley means that
changes in the economy inevitably affect large numbers of often-impoverished
rural people and communities that are very close to one another and intent above
all on preserving what they have. Accordingly, all three governments approach
economic change in the Ferghana Valley with caution.
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