parties, which is about the same percent who believe that Islam and democracy
are compatible under certain conditions. It is not surprising that just over half of
the students polled see Kyrgyzstan’s future as a secular state informed by Muslim
values (like Turkey or Malaysia), while 14 percent see it as a purely Islamic state
and a mere 1.26 percent of those from rural areas see it following a Western model.
342 BABADJANOV, MALIKOV, NAZAROV
Thus, we can observe at least the beginnings of a purely Islamic mode of identity
that crosses borders, although this remains a minority position among members of
the Muslim community in Kyrgyzstan. By contrast, the majority of Kyrgyz Mus-
lims from thirty to sixty-four-years old aspire to more self-determination within
a nationally oriented form of Islam. This stress on the national or tribal character
of Muslim identity is a distinctive feature of all nationalities in Kyrgyzstan. Of
course, regional mistrust and tensions are not openly expressed, much less in the
press, but they definitely give rise to a division of authority based on regionalism
within all Muslim organization.
The monopoly on religious power of the Ferghana Valley regional group in
Kyrgyzstan has existed since far back in Soviet times. A consequence of this has
been that, with the exception of Talas province, the heads of Muslim communi-
ties throughout Kyrgyzstan were all drawn from either Osh or Batken. Since the
southerners emphasized tradition over formal theology, this became the emphasis
of the top religious administration everywhere. But when southern clerics began
propagating their traditionalist views and culturally specific approaches and men-
tality in the north, many Muslims there simply did not accept them. The view that
women should not go to mosques, the special status of the imam as holy man, and
many more non-Islamic practices that are deeply ingrained among Kyrgyz in the
Ferghana Valley were rejected in Kyrgyzstan’s north.
Another feature of so-called southern Islam is its commercialization of ritual
services. An example of this is the widespread southern phenomenon of davran.
The term, probably of Tajik origin, derives from late Sufism, and is from an Arabic
root ( dau’r) which means to circle or turn. In traditional Ferghana Islam this means
counting up the five-times daily prayers ( salah) that one has missed throughout
one’s life and making a payment in grain that translates into money.
154
Ferghana
clerics explain that this is a demand of the sharia, but there is no evidence for this.
Davran
is in reality a burdensome death tax, imposed in the name of Islam but
having absolutely no basis in the Faith.
Another consequence of the monopolistic control wielded by Ferghana Kyrgyz
over Islam in Kyrgyzstan is that students from the Ferghana Valley are dispropor-
tionately represented among those sent to study at Muslim institutions abroad,
leaving few positions to northerners. All these practices arising from the Ferghana
Valley’s domination of Kyrgyz Islam represent a serious problem in inter-regional
relations that confronts the government.
With the strengthening of religious identities in Kyrgyzstan, meaningful study of
Islam has grown, contact with centers of Islamic learning has expanded, and overall the
educational level of typical Muslims has significantly increased. As this more conscious
approach to the Faith takes hold, people seek to apply religious precepts to everyday
life and, in so doing, broaden the role of Islam beyond its traditional ceremonial func-
tions. That this reinforces the regionalization of Muslim life in the Kyrgyz Republic is
scarcely surprising, given the existing north-south division of the country’s life.
Uzbek inhabitants of the Kyrgyz sector of the Ferghana Valley constitute the
ISLAM IN THE FERGHANA VALLEY 343
second-largest group of Muslims in the country. The stereotypical view is that
Uzbeks are more religious than their Kyrgyz neighbors, but this refers mainly to
the role of traditional ritual rather than to inner spiritual life. During the post-Soviet
revival of Islam this led to the opening of more mosques in the Uzbek communi-
ties than in Kyrgyz ones, and to more open manifestations of religious ritual in
public life. This was accompanied by a continuation of the old habit of identifying
a specific mosque by the ethnicity of its parishioners, as for instance, the Uyghurs’
mosque or the Uzbeks’ mosque. All this fostered a spirit of national Islam among
each of the two main groups in the Ferghana Valley.
The size and compact character of the Uzbek population in Kyrgyzstan’s part of
the Ferghana Valley gives urgency to the question of its integration into the national
society. Its identity is based above all on ethnicity, which in the minds of many
Uzbeks in Kyrgyzstan is identical with religious affiliation, and only secondarily
with religion. Any spirit of religious unity that might arise will be based not on the
secular state, but on the Muslim community of Kyrgyzstan. The same issue arises
with other ethnic groups in the Ferghana Valley.
During the Soviet period, Muslims were placed under the authority of four muftiyat,
or Spiritual Directorates, one of them covering Central Asia from its headquarters in
Tashkent.
155
For forty years after its founding in 1943 this agency, SADUM, managed
the affairs of Kyrgyzstan’s Muslims through a local office or qazyat. Beginning in
the late 1980s the republican offices started to separate themselves from SADUM,
156
and in 1993 the new government in Bishkek established a Spiritual Administration
of Muslims of Kyrgyzstan (DUMK) with responsibility for religious organizations,
institutions for religious education, and mosques. Within that entity is a council of
religious leaders ( ulama), which has generally been dominated by an absolute ma-
jority of imams and madrassa teachers from the Ferghana Valley. Nearly all of them
adhere to the traditionalist or conservative theology associated with the so-called
Bukharan school, and they are advocates of the Ferghana Valley system of individual
learning called hujra. Widely recognized spiritual mentors and theologians from the
Ferghana region are such figures as Moldogazy Ajy, Kudratulla Ajy, Sabyr Moldo,
and Sheikh Abdusattar Ajy (Hajji) from Uzgen. Another is the former mufti and
director of the madrassa at Bukhara, the University of Jordan graduate Kimsambay
Ajy Abdrakhmanov, from the Batken region. Nearly all such leaders are staunch
traditionalists/conservatives and are direct disciples of, or have a relationship with,
the Babakhanov family of muftis from Uzbekistan.
Meanwhile, the traditional religious life of Kyrgyz households—the so-called
popular Islam, with its blend of pre-Islamic practices and Islam
is still very much
alive in both villages and cities. Indeed, this domestic or “folk” Islam is firmly
entrenched and widely considered an essential component of the traditions and
mentality of the Kyrgyz people.
The failure of the official or conservative clergy to help believers respond to
the needs of a changing life has led many Muslims to switch their loyalty to oth-
ers. As a result, Salafi or Wahhabi theologians are well represented in the Kyrgyz
344 BABADJANOV, MALIKOV, NAZAROV
sector of the Ferghana Valley. Among those who have gained popular followings
are the late imam of the Karasu Mosque, Muhammad-Rafiq Kamalov (killed in
August 2006), his brother Sadykjan Kamalov, and Iliyas-Ajy. Many if not most of
these support radical changes in society, based on a politicized concept of Islam.
It is appropriate that the term parallel Islam has come into use to describe this new
religious and political reality.
Political Islam in Kyrgyzstan’s part of the Ferghana Valley, as in Kyrgyzstan as
a whole, is represented by such non-traditional movements as Hizb ut-Tahrir and
the Wahhabi (or Salafi) communities. These movements are all characterized by
a flexible, “bottom up” strategy of Islamization leading to evolutionary changes
in society. Brought to Kyrgyzstan from other countries, such Islamist movements
as Ahl Sunnah wal Jama’a Al-Salafiya and Hizb ut-Tahrir passed through similar
processes of development that can be divided into four main periods: first, a period
of direct penetration from abroad and rapid spread of the movement at the local
level due to the absence of alternative points of organization; second, a period of
conceptual and methodological adaptation, during which the level of activity di-
minishes somewhat; third, application of the new principles and methods focusing
now at the national level; fourth, a shift of ideology and activity to the regional
and transnational level, along with a reunification of the ideology with the broader
political currents of Islamic protest.
According to their widely disseminated leaflets, the initial penetration into
Kyrgyzstan of Wahhabi groups and the Hizb ut-Tahrir was confined mainly to the
Uzbek population of the Ferghana Valley, and was directed against the political
leadership of neighboring Uzbekistan.
157
After the transnational ideologies of the
Wahhabi communities ( jamaats) and Hizb ut-Tahrir were adapted to the socio-
political environment of Kyrgyzstan, a long period of transformation began, which
is still underway. The return in the 1990s of Kyrgyz nationals from periods of study
at Muslim institutions in the Middle East brought the often-radicalized ideologies
of political Islam to the south of Kyrgyzstan and the Ferghana Valley. Initially, their
dependence on instructions (and money) from the religious centers of Saudi Arabia
and on the Arabic language, in which all their materials were written, undermined
their credibility among the population. As in neighboring Uzbekistan, their radical
beliefs led to conflict between the Wahhabis and the traditionally oriented majority,
and also with the government, which supported the latter. Until the appearance of
Hizb ut-Tahrir, radical Islamists acted impulsively and gained adherents almost
exclusively among the Uzbek population of Kyrgyzstan’s Ferghana Valley. The
continuing dependence of Kyrgyz Wahhabis on ideology and money coming from
Arab religious centers all but guarantees that while their organization structures
may adapt to local circumstances, their ideology will not. The Wahhabis’ radicalism
and intransigence toward the traditionalists or conservatives are therefore likely to
alienate them from most believers and render them irrelevant.
It is tempting to trace the rise of Hizb ut-Tahrir to the spreading poverty in the
Kyrgyz sector of the Ferghana Valley. But the causes are more complex, and in-
ISLAM IN THE FERGHANA VALLEY 345
clude at a minimum the decline of political freedoms in all the regional countries
as well as the continued deterioration of economic prospects and social services
there. These factors have enabled HT to win widespread support among the masses,
and have encouraged it to continue to promote its anti-secular, anti-Western, and
anti-corruption ideas. HT’s supporters in Kyrgyzstan are geographically more
diffused than the Ferghana-focused Wahhabis, and hence the party must address a
wider range of socio-political issues, which it does by issuing its own commands
or fatwas and engaging in advocacy both within the Muslim community and before
the authorities.
158
HT aims its program of ideological protest at a broad spectrum of both religious
and secular people. That program, which has remained virtually unchanged since
HT first appeared in the region, includes the de-legitimization of the constitutional
order and existing secular authorities in Kyrgyzstan; establishing an Islamic caliph-
ate to include the territories of modern Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan;
159
the establishment in Kyrgyzstan of a new constitution based on sharia law;
160
and
ideological loyalty to foreign centers. As to means, HT in Kyrgyzstan, as elsewhere,
states its commitment to peaceful methods but does not preclude the use of armed
power.
161
In recent years HT, in an effort to win over ordinary people, proclaimed a
new goal of “fighting corruption and the illegal actions of local officials.”
162
Unlike
the Wahhabis, HT recognizes other Muslim organizations as brothers in the faith,
despite their broad and fundamental differences.
Without abandoning what many see as the party’s utopian goal of a global
Muslim caliphate, HT has proposed to pursue its transnational project in phases,
thus slowly forming in the minds of believers a new perception of “geopolitical
space” in the Islamic commonwealth. Of course, Hizb ut-Tahrir is not interested in
Kyrgyzstan as a country. The party seeks to merge it first conceptually and then in
reality into a region-wide political and economic entity under Islamic rule.
To date, efforts by mainstream religious leaders and civil authorities to check
the growing influence of Hizb ut-Tahrir have been without effect. Young people
especially see in it a more authoritative voice of religious leadership than that
provided by the religious hierarchy supported by the state. The government’s re-
sponse began with tolerance and then moved to repression, including HT among
other terrorist organizations like the IMU. Today there is agreement that HT is
potentially destabilizing, but some favor further repression while others call for
it to be legalized.
HT views its proposed caliphate as a form of government in which all power
belongs to Allah
163
but both secular and religious authority is entrusted to the
caliph, who is appointed by the community of believers. It dismisses the existing
governments of Muslim countries as non-Islamic. Infidels, including the existing
governments of Central Asia, Americans, Russians, Jews, and others, rule the world,
and the very name of Hizb ut-Tahrir—Party of Liberation—stresses its commit-
ment to free the world of domination by infidels.
164
The strategy for achieving
this calls for gradually shifting the political balance in each country in favor of
346 BABADJANOV, MALIKOV, NAZAROV
HT’s supporters and then, whether by legal processes or by an illegal coup d’état,
overturn the system in favor of an Islamic caliphate.
165
The fact that Muslim jurists
fundamentally disagree among themselves on so many aspects of the application
of sharia law leaves one wondering whether such a state of future harmony as HT
envisions is more than a utopian dream.
166
Yet the HT party remains in a strong position. Its powerful centers in the Ferghana
Valley at Osh and Jalalabad are paired with centers in Khujand, Kurgan-Tyube,
Tursunzadin, and Dushanbe in Tajikistan, all the major cities of the Uzbek sector
of the Ferghana Valley, and in many centers in neighboring Xinjiang in China—
indeed, there are said to be more than twenty cells just in the capital, Urumchi.
With its effective use of the printing press and Internet and its rejection of ethnic
enmity, HT can bring together masses of people and concentrate their efforts in a
unique manner, employing both internal and external resources.
167
HT cells in the Kyrgyz sector of the Ferghana Valley are directly subordinated
to the mu’tamad, or currently mas’ul, of Hizb ut-Tahrir in Uzbekistan, as are other
cells in the Kyrgyz Republic. All are in close contact with one another. Thus,
the reorganization of cells in the Ferghana Valley in 1999 caused the transfer of
computer equipment from Uzbek to Tajik centers, and literature and leaflets from
Uzbekistan to Kyrgyz groups. The Uzbek leaders of Hizb ut-Tahrir not only ap-
point the leaders of cells elsewhere in the region but receive reports from them and
occasionally meet to offer them guidance. HT offices in Xinjiang regularly e-mail
Uzbekistan reports on their projects and sometimes ask for help. The Uzbek offices
in turn summarize and analyze the reports from neighboring countries, as well as
from Uzbekistan itself, and forward them, along with their own recommendations,
to HT’s central office in Jordan.
168
Kyrgyz areas of the Ferghana Valley close to the Uzbek border play an addi-
tional role in the life of HT regionally. Thus, the thoroughgoing corruption of law-
enforcement officials in Kyrgyzstan makes it far safer to print books and leaflets in
the Kyrgyz town of Karasu or at Osh than across the border in Uzbekistan. Such
publications can then easily be spirited into Uzbekistan.
In spite of smooth operations in some spheres, HT in Kyrgyzstan has been
torn by serious internal disagreements. Several of the most senior and influential
members of the Kyrgyz organization reject the shift from purely underground to
partially open activity, including the organization of mass actions, distribution of
leaflets, and public sermons. When members left public-service jobs to do this and
then promoted publicly their way of life, they exposed the organization to massive
arrests at the secondary and tertiary levels, caused an overall loss of momentum,
and fostered the discrediting of HT’s ideology in the eyes of mainstream believers.
These dissidents split with HT and formed a new party under the name Hizbun
Nursa (Party of Victory). This new party, still young and small, bases itself on a
simplified version of the HT ideology and program.
169
Such developments are in-
evitable. HT’s aim today is apparently to develop well-trained members who can
operate independently, completely outside the organization but in accordance with
ISLAM IN THE FERGHANA VALLEY 347
its goals and directives. Small cells would be bound only by their commitment to
HT’s ideology of jihad but would otherwise enjoy tactical independence. Such an
approach will depend heavily on the rigorous military-style training of members
that is to be carried out through a process of self-education via the Internet. By
this means, the jihadist training that was earlier available only in special camps in
Afghanistan or Pakistan will be available in every home.
It is now clear that the crisis of power at the national level has become perma-
nent.
170
A feature of this condition is that increasing numbers of Kyrgyz voters
are supporting religious candidates. In the campaign leading to the July 10, 2005,
early presidential elections, HT activists for the first time campaigned in behalf of
the Muslim candidate, Tursunbay Bakir Uluu, who at the time was Kyrgyzstan’s
official ombudsman and also a lay prayer reader. HT campaigned mainly outside
mosques, promoting the idea that now voters could support a true Muslim. This
would appear to bode well for HT’s future were it not for two problems. First are the
serious internal disagreements over tactics discussed above. The second problem,
is that corruption within Hizb ut-Tahrir undermines not only the organization’s
ability to serve as a model for a future Islamic order but its legitimacy within the
movement of political Islam generally. Predictably, some former party members
trace this problem to the efforts of Western secret services to discredit Islam.
171
These difficulties led HT to shift its strategy in Kyrgyzstan, which now included
supporting social projects and introducing its activists into state agencies, includ-
ing law enforcement. The new strategy also focused more on recruiting mid-sized
businessmen, who could help fund the party through a tax ( zakat). The party re-
mains most prevalent in southern Kyrgyzstan, especially in the densely populated
areas of the Jalalabad and Osh provinces. Membership there continues to be drawn
mainly from among the poor and especially those with low levels of education.
But the liberal attitude of authorities there toward religious influences from abroad,
the region’s many social and religious problems, and the migration there of many
Islamist oppositionists from neighboring Uzbekistan, have created exceptionally
favorable conditions for radical Islamists. Indeed, many of them now see this re-
gion of Kyrgyzstan as the best possible base from which to organize their activities
throughout the Ferghana Valley, including in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan.
Such an environment makes this region well suited to serve as a test-case of
HT’s aspiration to become a legal party. In this effort they are organizing legal
charitable NGOs through which they can advance their cause; also, they have cut
back their production and dissemination of illegal extremist literature. Recently
confiscated HT leaflets confirm that their most current publications have changed
drastically. Previously, these leaflets contained direct appeals to overthrow the
existing constitutional order, thus providing grounds for the government to insti-
tute criminal charges against the organization. The leaflets’ new content makes it
all but impossible to bring criminal charges against the sponsors, as no crime has
been committed.
Paradoxically, just as HT is taking steps to enter the mainstream in Kyrgyz-
348 BABADJANOV, MALIKOV, NAZAROV
stan’s sector of the Ferghana Valley, HT missionaries abroad have become more
visible. They aim their appeal directly at the unemployed and uneducated youth,
whose numbers have grown significantly amid the deteriorating social conditions,
spreading corruption, and breakdown of the court system that followed the Tulip
Revolution in Kyrgyzstan of March 24, 2005. With all other avenues closed, many
turn to religion for a solution.
This makes it entirely possible that secular but definitely pro-religious political
forces will emerge in the region and country, championing the right of Muslims to
participate in politics as Muslims. One should expect such a party to make its debut
in the south of Kyrgyzstan, and specifically in Kyrgyzstan’s sector of the Ferghana
Valley. Tursunbay Bakir Uluu is playing a significant part in this development. He
now leads the political party Erk (Freedom), which claims to oppose the involve-
ment of Islam in politics, but which in practice does precisely that, presenting itself
as a secular party that happens to protect the rights of Muslims.
172
Such a party
could easily involve former HT members.
Other possible lines of future development are even more problematic. After the
religious-ethnic conflict in Nookat on December 12, 2008, the authorities stepped
up their efforts to combat religious extremism. They launched a huge purge in
the Osh and Jalalabad areas of the Ferghana Valley, focusing on the imams of
certain mosques and ordinary believers in the Nookat area, as well as the cities of
Jalalabad and Uzgen. Most of those arrested were Uzbeks. Drugs were planted on
members of Hizb ut-Tahrir to discredit them. Many went into deep hiding follow-
ing the Nookat events. The independent press attacked the Bakiyev government
as anti-national and anti-Islamic, and compared it to the most repressive regimes
in the region. This episode, rooted squarely in the Ferghana Valley, indicates how
the religious-secular controversy can easily metamorphose into an ethnic conflict,
with HT and the Wahhabis nonetheless at the center.
As the HT seeks to reposition itself, the other wing of the radical Islamists,
represented by the Wahhabis or Salafis (Ahl Sunnah wa1 Jama’a al-Salafia), is
still concentrating its efforts on rectifying the views of the official clergy, which it
sees as “unacceptable innovations.”
173
It seeks to accomplish this mainly through
preaching. However, several problems have arisen as they grapple with the realities
on the ground in the Kyrgyz sector of the Ferghana Valley. For one thing, other
groups present themselves as competitors, among them the Tablighi Dawat, which
has taken root in many parts of Kyrgyzstan. Currently, the number of dawatists is
estimated at from 20,000 to 35,000 people, mostly Kyrgyz rural youth.
This movement, unlike the Salafi and HT, shuns the sphere of practical life and
politics, concentrating instead, like the Wahhabis, on devastating criticism of the
conservative majority. Research has shown that many members eventually defect
from Tablighi Dawat and join more socially activist movements. Through this pro-
cess, which occurs in other countries as well, Tablighi Dawat unwittingly fulfills a
recruiting function for more radicalized groups, including HT and the Salafis.
Despite its political self-isolation, the Tablighi Dawat movement in the Fer-
ISLAM IN THE FERGHANA VALLEY 349
ghana and Kyrgyzstan as a whole has a clear organizational structure and program
of action. Mashwaras or councils of ordinary citizens exist at the neighborhood,
district, and national levels. Commitment to advocacy rather than education or re-
ligious training is the main criterion for membership in these bodies, which gather
monthly in mosques in Kara-Balta city and Bishkek. At each meeting, members of
the mashwara elect by open ballot an amir-sapa (captain), who is responsible for
conducting the event. Clerics and non-members may express their views at such
meetings, to which local government or law enforcement officers are often invited.
It is strictly forbidden to discuss politics at cell meetings, however.
A further challenge to the Wahhabis’ future in Kyrgyzstan arises from the fact
that in their first period they appealed mainly to such ethnic minorities as the
Uzbeks, Uyghurs, and other small indigenous communities, all, of course, mainly
in the Ferghana Valley. Kyrgyz meanwhile favored mono-ethnic communities
( jamaats) comprised of Kyrgyz, mainly in the northern provinces. The deeper
problem facing the various Salafi groups in Kyrgyzstan stems from what appears
as their political passivity and refusal to participate in public life. This arises, of
course, from their conviction that society as such is in a state of ignorance ( jahiliya)
that extends to the political system and political parties, including those that call
themselves Islamic. As such, they are fundamentally illegitimate. To be sure, the
Wahhabis differ among themselves on this, with moderates seeking to connect with,
as well as correct, other Muslims, and the radicals refusing to extend any hand to
the deluded. Neither faction, however, has any political project for the existing
nation-state, as does HT.
Beyond these groups, the Ferghana Valley of Kyrgyzstan has a host of sectarian
groups such as the Ahmadiya, Isma’ilia, and Bahaiyya . Each has its own distinct
history and position, but their marginal scale and minimal social impact place them
beyond the scope of the present study. Many of these groups derive from inward-
looking Sufi traditions. However, as with the Tablighi Dawat, with its neo-Sufi
posture tracing to Pakistani origins, these groups may be so critical of the main
body of conservative believers and their public activities that they want nothing
to do with them. Yet at the same time, they consider themselves within the main
body of Sunni Islam traditional in Central Asia.
Many students from the Kyrgyz sector of the Ferghana Valley, as from Kyrgyz-
stan as whole, pursue their religious education abroad. Thus, in Egypt one finds
at least three different groups: Wahhabis, who reject the method of teaching at the
famed Al-Azhar University and usually move on to institutions in Saudi Arabia;
Kyrgyz, who are so named because they stick together on the basis of their strong
patriotic stance; and Nurcilar, followers of the Turkish cleric Fethullah Gülen.
At present fully eighty-five percent of all Kyrgyz religious students in Egypt are
funded by the Gülen movement, receiving free rent and a monthly allowance in
addition to free tuition.
The Nurcilar organization parallels a Sufi order, with a leader ( amir or hodja)
to whom members owe obedience. Despite its clear religious orientation and solid
350 BABADJANOV, MALIKOV, NAZAROV
financial resources, the Nurcilar organization is nowhere actually registered as a
religious group.
174
It has successfully penetrated the Kyrgyz sector of the Ferghana
Valley through the work of member Turkish businessmen. Establishing several
nominally secular lycées in the region, they also founded a full university in Bishkek.
All these institutions are staffed mainly by members. Like the Tablighi Dawat, the
Nurcilar pursue a long-term program of Islamization through evolutionary means,
working through bottom-to-top tactics. As such, they are in sharp opposition to
those Islamists who advocate violent tactics, even though their strategic goal of
thoroughgoing Islamization may be similar.
Islamic movements in Kyrgyzstan may have come initially from beyond the
borders, but they have now taken root and adapted to local conditions, in the
process becoming an essential element of both individual and social life. Already
they have gone far toward creating in the country, and especially in the Ferghana
Valley, an Islamic ideological space. What remains unclear is whether this will
evolve peacefully or follow a radical scenario as in Chechnya or Afghanistan.
Many mainstream conservative local clerics insist that they are in the best position
to prevent a radical future, thanks to their many opportunities to educate people in
the dogmas and theology of Islam, as opposed to simply downloading information
from Wahhabi and other extreme sources. Whether or not this is true, it accurately
reflects the general concern in the Kyrgyz part of the Ferghana Valley, and even
in the country as a whole, that rising Islamic radicalization now threatens social
stability there. While it is true that in the initial stages radical Islamists from Tajiki-
stan and especially Uzbekistan played a catalyzing role there, the extreme currents
are now thoroughly indigenized in Kyrgyzstan. Similarly, during the early years
after independence any influence of religion on politics was considered a threat
to the secular regime and to social stability. Especially since the shift in power in
Kyrgyzstan that occurred in March 2005, a very different approach has emerged.
Instead of seeing Muslims and even Muslim activists as a threat, most parties now
court them. In a society still divided by tribal and regional tensions, religion is seen
increasingly not as the problem but as part of the solution. Because in Kyrgyzstan
the most active religious movements and currents are to be found in the Ferghana
Valley, this shifts the national balance of power in favor of that region.
Less-positive possibilities also abound. It may be that the government, in the
name of protecting secularism, will use repressive measures against religious
groups, especially in the southern region—Ferghana. This in turn would lead to the
radicalization of what are now moderate voices in the Muslim community, and to
Middle Eastern forms of protest and politics. The government has sought to avert
this by demonstrating its good will toward the Muslim community through new
initiatives favorable to “Muslim life” and the further development of Islam in the
country. But for the time being Muslim activists have received these as empty
rhetoric and as a mere flirtation, rather than as the start of serious engagement with
them. In any case, it is clear that Islam can now be used as a mobilizing factor,
particularly in the south and in Ferghana, and that a new game on the Islamic field
ISLAM IN THE FERGHANA VALLEY 351
already has begun, even though none of the players have yet figured out which rules
of play are appropriate in a country that remains multi-cultural in character.
Serious destabilization remains an active possibility in the Ferghana Valley, and
even in Kyrgyzstan as a whole. Interethnic relations in the Ferghana region remain
difficult, and current developments are not bettering them. Authoritarian power now
supports a fragile stability there, but inter-clan and inter-regional tensions could
easily lead to political turmoil, especially if there is uncertainty at the leadership
level. All this is going forward amid a two-fold process of de-secularization of the
society and the politicization of religion. In Kyrgyzstan, both are hastened by the
ongoing systemic crisis and the volatility of governmental institutions. Indeed, it
is no overstatement to say that developments that began in the Ferghana Valley are
creating a crisis of secular power in the country as a whole. Under such circum-
stances, it is likely that the number and scale of protests will continue to increase,
and that the role of religious elements in them will expand.
Nor is it likely that the traditional or conservative clergy will be able to resist
this, for as a group they are in crisis, as well. The government has been satisfied to
exercise its control over and through the clergy, but at the same time new clergy
have appeared beyond the control of the Spiritual Directorate, and it is these who
would figure in any future protests.
At least as problematic as the clergy’s role is the position of the government
itself. With respect even to the religiously moderate institutions, the government’s
role is unclear. All in all, there are neither boundaries nor rules governing the gov-
ernment’s interaction with religion in all its forms. Lacking such definition, the
authorities are not ready to accept religious organizations as legitimate political
actors. Needless to say, this situation means that the rights of believers remain quite
unclear, and believers respond to this condition by casting doubt on the legitimacy
of the post-2005 government and Constitution.
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