Ethnographic Composition of the Population of the Ferghana
Province in 1926
Uzbeks
1,270,368
Turks
23,810
Kyrgyz
408,652
Kipchaks
32,974
Karakalpaks
18,520
Kashgaris
7,920
Dungans
166
Tajiks
161,942
Arabs
2,130
Kalmyks
3
Kurama
2,640
Ferghana and Samarkand Turks
533
Taranchi
1
Uyghurs
31,198
Sart-Kalmyks
233
Persians
675
Irani
43
Turkmen
199
Ottoman Turks
128
Kazakhs
641
Afghans
10
Hindus
2
Sources:
The data in the table are based on Vsesoiuznaia perepis naseleniia 1926 goda,
vol. 15: Uzbekskaia SSR. Narodnost, rodnoi iazyk, vozrast, gramotnost, Moscow, 1928,
table 6; Naselenie po narodnosti, rodnomu iazyku i gramotnosti, pp. 13–14, 38–40; table
10. Naselenie po polu, narodnosti i rodnomu iazyku po otdelnym gorodskim poseleniiam i
volostiam,
pp. 152–153;Vsesoiuznaia perepis naseleniia 1926 goda, vol. 8: “Kazakh ASSR,
Kyrgyzskaia ASSR. Narodnost, rodnoi iazyk, vozrast, gramotnost
,” Moscow, 1928, table
10; Naselenie po polu, narodnosti i rodnomu iazyku po otdelnym gorodskim poseleniiam i
volostiam
, Kyrgyz ASSR, pp. 216–219.
SOVIET RULE AND THE DELINEATION OF BORDERS 117
9. At the beginning of March 1918, the Tashkent newspaper Ulug Turkiston published a
letter by Chokaev, in which he describes the misfortunes that befell him after his government’s
defeat in February 1918. Captured by Muslim villagers who sought to capture Kokand and
expel all non-Sarts (i.e., local natives) and non-Muslims, among whom they numbered the
Bolsheviks, Kazakhs (whom they saw as tied with the Bolsheviks, Tatars, etc.). Eventually
Chokaev had to strip to prove he had been circumcised. At the end of his ordeal he declared
that “My heart bleeds, I considered these people to be my friends but they treated me as an
enemy” ( Ulug Turkiston, March 2, 1918).
10. See Kamil Iarmatov, Vozvrashchenie. Kniga vospominanii, Moscow, 1980, p. 50.
11. Ulug Turkiston, March 19, 1918.
12. “Basmak” from the Turkic, meaning “oppress” or “press.” Basmach is a name that
had been used since tsarist times to refer to bandits and gangsters in Central Asia.
13. Turkestan v nachale XX veka, p. 165.
14. The task of the Turkestan Commission, which included such Bolsheviks as Kobozev,
Goloshchekin, and others, was to create a body that could serve as an intermediary between
various factions within Turkestan and coordinate the work of local and central bodies. In1920
such influential Bolsheviks as Rudzutak, Frunze, and Kuibyshev joined the commission.
15. Turkestan v nachale XX veka, p. 221.
16. Ibid., p. 227.
17. Statisticheskii obzor Ferganskoi oblasti za 1914 god, Skobelev, 1917, p. 9; Statis-
ticheskii ezhegodnik Rossii, 1914 g.,
Petrograd, 1915, p. 57.
18. This number is calculated based on Vsesoiuznaia perepis naseleniia 1926 goda,
vol. 15: Uzbek SSR, Moscow, 1928, pp. 13–14, 38–40, 152–53; Vsesoiuznaia perepis
naseleniia 1926 goda,
vol. 8: Kazakh ASSR and Kyrgyz ASSR, Moscow, 1928, pp. 216–217,
218–219.
19. See N. Pianciola and P. Sartori, “ Waqf in Turkestan: The Colonial Legacy and the Fate
of an Islamic Institution in Early Soviet Central Asia, 1917–1924,” Central Asian Survey.
2007, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 484–492.
20. D. Arapov, “Musulmanskoe dukhovenstvo Srednei Azii v 1927 godu,” Rasy i narody,
vol. 32, Moscow, 2006, p. 313.
21. Ibid., p. 318.
22. Ibid., p. 321.
23. L.S. Gatagova and L.P. Kosheleva et al., eds., “Zakrytoe pismo sekretaria ZK
K
P(b)
Turkestana M.S. Epshteina v ZK RKP(b) po itogam poezdki v Ferganu. 17 March 1923,”
ZK RKP(b)–VKP(b) i natsionalnyi vopros,
bk. 1: 1918–1933, Moscow, 2005, p. 102.
24. L.Z. Kunakova, Zemelno-vodnaia reforma v Ferganskoi doline (1925–1926), Osh,
1962, pp. 57–58.
25. Ibid., pp. 150–51.
26. Between 1920 and 1925 the Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic existed,
which was subsequently renamed the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic or
Kazakhstan.
27. V.I. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, Moscow, 1981, vol. 41, p. 436.
28. See T.S. Ozhukeeva, XX vek: vozrozhdenie natsionalnoi gosudarstvennosti v
Kyrgyzstane.
Bishkek, 1993.
29. Initially, it was planned to rearrange and then preserve the Khorezm republic, but it
was decided in the course of discussions to divide it into national territories as well.
30. Ozhukeeva, XX vek, p. 22.
31. Ibid.
32. According to statistical data until 1917—Sarts.
33. The issue of creating such a center in Jalalabad, which was connected to Tashkent
by a railway, was discussed for some time.
34. This group lobbied the creation of its own nationality and national institutions on the
118 ABASHIN, K. ABDULLAEV, R. ABDULLAEV, KOICHIEV
county level (A. Haugen, The Establishment of National Republics in Soviet Central Asia,
New York, 2003, pp. 144–45).
35. Ibid., p. 192.
36. Ibid.
37. See A. Koichiev, Natsionalno-territorialnoe razmezhevanie v Ferganskoi doline
(1924–1927
), Bishkek, 2001, pp. 32–34, 37–46, 53–67; F. Hirsch, Empire of Nations:
Ethnographic Knowledge and the Making of the Soviet Union,
Ithaca and London, 2005,
pp. 168–72.
38. Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Ferganskoi oblasti Respubliki Uzbekistan (GAFO RU),
f. 121. 0.2. d. 594.
39. GAFO RU, f. 121. 0.2. d. 594.
40. GAFO RU, f. 121. 0.2. d. 570. 1.2, 3.
41. D. Abramson, “Identity Counts: The Soviet Legacy and the Census in Uzbekistan,”
in Census and Identity: The Politics of Race, Ethnicity, and Language in National Censuses,
ed. D.I. Kertzer and D. Arel, Cambridge, 2001, pp. 187–96.
42. The majority of the settled population was registered as “Sarts” in censuses and lo-
cal statistics in the imperial Turkestan (see S.N. Abashin, Natsionalizmy v Srednei Azii: v
poiskakh identichnosti,
Saint Petersburg, 2007, pp. 95–176).
43. See Abdudzhabbor Kahhori, Adzhab Dunee, Dushanbe, 2003, pp. 37–39.
44. GAFO RU, f. 121. o. 2, d. 595.–1. 140.
45. R. Masov, Istoriia topornogo razdelenia, Dushanbe, 1991, p. 149.
46. Ibid. p. 151.
47. Ibid. pp. 115–35.
48. Kazakhstan then gained the status of a union republic.
119
5
The Ferghana Valley
Under Stalin, 1929–1953
Kamoludin Abdullaev (Tajikistan), with
Ravshan Nazarov (Uzbekistan)
The so-called Stalin years were a pivotal period in the development of Soviet
Central Asia in general and the Ferghana Valley in particular. This was a time
when the USSR gained international recognition and when, by the second half of
the 1920s, the internal struggle against the basmachi in Central Asia concluded.
A small number of nationalist émigrés from Turkestan settled in Turkey in the
mid-1920s, just at the time when that country was strengthening its relations with
the USSR. Apart from running a rudimentary underground network of supporters
in the Soviet Union, these Pan-Turkists did not further influence developments in
Central Asia. The national delineation of internal borders in Central Asia and the
opportunity to carry out creative work in the resulting national entities drew many
former Jadids to the side of the Soviet government. On the whole, the government
and its major opponents in Central Asia, including bellicose religious radicals and
supporters of the basmachi, as well as restive idealistic reformers like the Jadids,
achieved a modus vivendi .
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