ISLAM IN THE FERGHANA VALLEY 359
is to resist the incursions into the area of all non-traditional religions and sects. To
this end, Bayat members in 2004 killed a Baptist clergyman. Members of Bayat
also fought alongside the Taliban in Afghanistan. Indeed, in 2007 three Bayat
members, all Tajik citizens from the city of Isfara, were transferred to the authority
of Tajikistan’s Ministry of Internal Affairs from the Guantanamo prison.
216
Law-enforcement officials report that the first crimes committed by members of
the group were recorded in 1997. Since then investigators have indicted members
for burning their enemies’ mosques, robbery, extortion, and contract killings of
members of other religious groups. The Office of Internal Affairs of the Sughd
region believes that Bayat was formed by opposition fighters who fled the country
after the civil war and moved to Afghanistan. According to a source at the Office of
the Ministry of Security, the Bayat organization has close ties with, and is financed
by, the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan/Turkestan. In early February 2008, Tajik
police arrested two IMU fighters near Isfara who previously had undergone military
training in Afghanistan and taken part in campaigns there.
In January 2009 the head of the Department of Internal Affairs of the Sughd
region, Abdurahim Kahhorov, announced that as a result of coordinated law-en-
forcement activities with other states, Anwar Kayumov, head of the IMU’s group in
the city of Isfara, Sughd province, was arrested in Kabul. The prosecution charged
Kayumov, a resident of the city of Isfara, with the “organization of criminal gangs”
and “terrorism.” In 1997, after special military training under the guidance of the
head of the IMU, Jumma Kasimov, aka Juma Namangani, and after taking the
special oath (
bayat), Kayumov had been sent to Isfara to recruit for the IMU.
So far nineteen associates of Anwar Kayumov have been identified and ar-
rested for perpetrating “particularly serious crimes,” including murder, attempted
murder, and the killing of two police officers, an armed attack on the Ministry
of Internal Affairs’ holding facility in the city of Kairakkum, murdering the
lieutenant who headed the local office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the
organization of a prison escape by IMU member Fathullo Rahmatov, and more.
Prosecutor A. Kahhorov also noted that in 2008 eleven members of HT were
arrested in Sughd province, and 156 Salafi supporters were placed under “special
control.”
217
As we have noted, several of the religious groups involved with terrorism have
close links abroad. HT and the IMU both have been mentioned in this context. The
Bayat group is in all likelihood a branch of the international terrorist organization
Bayat al-Imam
.
218
Of these, the IMU warrants further comment.
Back in mid-
January 2004, a few armed men attacked the holding jail in Kairakkum, killing
the officer on duty and releasing their comrades before fleeing to Kyrgyzstan. The
Tajik prosecutor’s office confirmed that the IMU was actively functioning at the
time in northern Tajikistan, especially in the Isfara region.
219
Later, in the summer
of 2005, we find the IMU once again active in Tajikistan, this time bombing the
gates of the Emergency Situations Ministry in Dushanbe. It later turned out that
the IMU planned this attack to avenge the minister of internal affairs’ assistance
360 BABADJANOV, MALIKOV,
NAZAROV
in the transfer of IMU militants across the territory of Tajikistan to Kyrgyzstan,
from which they were to be sent to Uzbekistan.
220
IMU activities in Tajikistan continued in 2006. Late in the night of August 20,
2006, officers of the criminal-investigation department of Tajikistan’s Ministry of
Internal Affairs detained IMU activist Orif Dzhalolov in the village of Navgilem
near Isfara. Dzhalolov activated a grenade during the arrest, which resulted in
the death of two police officers and the wounding of several others. An ally of
Dzhalolov managed to escape but was later arrested in the north of the country.
According to the Tajik Ministry of Internal Affairs, twenty active IMU members
and forty HT members were arrested in Tajikistan’s sector of the Ferghana Valley
in 2006.
221
A number of Tajik officials have been killed in the course of confrontations
with members of extremist groups. For example, on May 12, 2006
a group of
IMU militants attacked the Lyakan border post in the province of Isfara and the
Kyrgyz customs post at Ak-Turpak in the Batken region of Kyrgyzstan’s sector
of the Ferghana Valley. This same group is also accused of the murder of eight
militiamen in the Sughd region.
222
The appearance of Islamic extremist movements and parties in Tajikistan has
forced society there to reflect on the preservation of national unity and stability
in the country once again. The government has outlawed several groups labeled
as extremist, among them HT, the Islamic Party of Turkestan, Harakati Tablighot,
Sozmoni Tablighot, Todzhikistoni Ozod, and the Islamic Movement of Uzbeki-
stan/Turkestan. In a very different spirit, it also declared 2009 “The Year of Imam
A’zam Abu Hanifa,” founder of the moderate school of Muslim law that prevails
in Central Asia. In the coming period many other conferences will consider the
status of religion in Tajikistan, which may help build public consensus on the best
future directions. An official of the IRPT, Hikmatullo Sayfuyllozoda, thinks this
will all make it less likely that extremist groups will develop further.
223
But it is far
too early to tell whether or not such activities will prove effective.
In conclusion, one might suggest that the involvement of people from the Fer-
ghana Valley province of Sughd in extremist movements may have less to do with
their desire to establish a vague theocratic state than with their desire to address their
own very real socio-economic and political problems. In doing so, supporters of
these organizations still seek their religious identity within the Muslim community
of faith as it exists in the emerging world order. However, it bears emphasis that
the main tradition of society in Sughd, namely Hanafi Islam and widespread Sufi
currents, were suppressed by atheist rule for nearly seventy years. In spite of this,
the overwhelming majority of society remains devoted to the long-established and
moderate local form of Islam that has evolved there over the centuries.
This suggests that religion, in its traditionally balanced form, far from repre-
senting a threat to national integrity, can be a force for consolidating society and
protecting national and state interests. Whether or not religion grows and evolves
in such a harmonious manner will in turn be significantly determined by the
ISLAM IN THE FERGHANA VALLEY 361
manner in which principles of democracy are implemented. If this is carried out
in a moderate yet thoroughgoing manner, Islamic values can serve as a healthy
counterweight to the kinds of destructive trans-national Islamist ideologies that
we have commented on in Tajikistan’s sector of the Ferghana Valley and in the
Ferghana Valley as a whole.
Notes
1. The section of this chapter on Kyrgyzstan was written by Kamil Malikov, that on
Tajikistan by Aloviddin Nazarov, and on Uzbekistan by Bakhtiyar Babadjanov. The latter
served as general editor and proofreader of the chapter.
2.
Waqf: a legal term means the suspension (“stopping”) of the right to private property
in favor of
the acceptance of facilities, or other charitable cause.
3.
Maktab: a religious school. The highest religious school is the madrassa. However, in
the Khanate of Kokand the level of religious education declined, with a focus on scholasticism
without support from rational interpretations.
4. See B.M. Babadjanov, “Russian Colonial Power in Central Asia as Seen by Local
Muslim Intellectuals,” in
Looking at the Colonizer. Cross-Cultural Perceptions in Central
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