Female Characters In The Odyssey – Helpers and Hindrances

Most women who worked to assist Odysseus were portrayed as daughters or wives. These women sought to support Odysseus, moving him forward in his journey. They exemplified and promoted the idea of xenia- hospitality. This virtue was considered a moral necessity. By offering hospitality to travelers and strangers, citizens often entertained gods unaware. The idea of xenia is a powerful one that is portrayed throughout the epic. Many characters’ fates are dependent upon how they received Odysseus when he came to them unknown. 

The women who were hindered to Odysseus were portrayed as lacking virtue, weak-willed, willful, or stubborn. They were prone to lust and had little self-control. The use of cunning is rarely portrayed as being a good thing. A notable exception is Penelope, Odysseus’ wife. While awaiting his return, she turns away potential suitors by telling them she will consider their suits when she has finished her tapestry. For a time, she can lengthen her refusal by undoing all of her work each night. When her trick is found out, she is forced to finish the tapestry. Even in a virtuous woman, the use of cunning and cleverness is punished. 

Several times, women in the chattel position had opportunities to assist Odysseus on his journey. Those women were portrayed as virtuous. There is an interesting lack of acknowledgement of their position. The slave who assists Odysseus when he returns to Ithaca, for example, does so under the threat of death.

Women in Ancient Greece