Ф 03-03 Kasymova Zh. Zh

13.6. Themes of SIW
1. Geophysical methods of oil exploration
2. Gravity method of oil exploration
3. Branches of exploration seismology
4. Reflection seismology of exploration seismology

Practical class №14. Applications of Reflection Seismology
Aims of practical lesson is studying applications of reflection seismology
14.1. Lexical terms and word combinations
advancement - продвижение, усовершенствование, прогресс
application - применение, использование
capability - мощность, производительность, возможность
capture - записать, зафиксировать, отражать
compressional wave - волна сжатия
continuity - непрерывность
development - разработка
engineering survey - инженерная съемка
enhanced oil-recovery - добыча нефти с искусственным поддержанием энергии пласта\
улучшенная нефтедобыча
full-vector wave-field imaging - полновекторное изображение волнового поля
gas chimney - скопления мелкозалегающего газа
geothermal energy - геотермальная энергия
ground-penetrating radar - георадар, радиолокация
приповерхностных структур
insensitive - нечувствительный
mapping - картирование
plaque - испещрять, изобиловать, часто встречаться
processing data - обработка данных
production - добыча
reduce uncertainties - сокращать неточности
shallow - неглубокий
shear wave - сдвиговая волна
3D-seismic technology - трехмерная сейсмическая технология
fracture - разлом
frame - границы, пределы; каркас, остов
affect - оказывать влияние, подвергать воздействию
discriminate among - различать, отличать, проводить различие, дифференцировать
execute- осуществлять, выполнять, делать;
cause - реализовать вызывать, являться причиной
14.2. Reading Passage
Reflection seismology is extensively used in exploration for hydrocarbons (i.e., petroleum, natural gas) and such other resources as coal, ores, minerals, and geothermal energy. Reflection seismology is also used for basic research into the nature and origin of the rocks making up the Earth's crust. Reflection Seismology is also used in shallow application for engineering, groundwater and environmental surveying. A method similar to reflection seismology which uses electromagnetic instead of elastic waves is known as Ground-penetrating radar or GPR. GPR is widely used for mapping shallow subsurface (up to a few meters deep). The reflection method is at present the most accurate method of determining depths of formations in oil exploration.

Today, 3D-seismic technology is applied to solve problems and reduce uncertainties across the entire range of exploration, development and production operations. Surveys are used to characterize and model reservoirs, to plan and execute enhanced-oil-recovery strategies and to monitor fluid movement in reservoirs as they are developed and produced. These capabilities have been made possible by advancements in data acquisition, processing and interpretation.

Full-Vector Wavefield Imaging which includes shear and compressional waves (S- and P-waves, respectively) to capture rock properties between wells. P-waves are influenced not only by rock frame properties but also by the nature of the fluid in the rock pores. S-waves are insensitive to the type of fluid in sediments. Full-vector wavefield imaging makes it possible to “see” through gas chimneys that plague economically important areas. These chimneys which are caused by free gas in the sediments destroy P-wave continuity but hardly affect S-wave reflections. Combining P- and S-waves discriminate among sands and shales and is valuable in helping to detect fractures.