Ф 03-03 Kasymova Zh. Zh

11.3. Define the terms given below: porosity, sedimentary rocks, metamorphic rocks, igneous rocks


11.4. Control questions:

1.What can rocks be composed of?

2. How are rocks formed?
3.What does limestone consists of?
4. What does sandstone rock composed of?
5 Types of rocks
6. How are they formed?
7. When do metamorphic rocks form?
8. When do metamorphic rocks formation occurs?
11.5. Themes of SIW

1. Layers of the Earth

2. Types of rocks
Practical class №12 Physical and chemical properties of oil and gas


Aims of practical lesson is studying physical and chemical properties of oil and gas


12.1. Lexical terms and word combinations

thermal expansion – тепловое расширение

arbitrary –произвольный, случайный
adopted by – принят
express –срочный, скоростной
relative density – относительная плотность
Conversely- наоборот
Resistance –сопротивление
shear stress –касательное напряжение
shear rate-скорости сдвига
water-like – вода как
tar-like solid –смолы, такие как твердые
interact – взаимодействовать
vary in appearance –различаются по внешнему виду
vary significantly –существенно различаться
capable –способный
remove –удаление


12.2. Reading Passage

Oil is described by the physical properties of density, color, viscosity, thermal expansion and other properties related to the number of carbon atoms in the molecules.

Petroleum can be of different colors. Oil colors vary in a very wide range from oilfield to oilfield: from pale yellow, yellow and even colourless to dark grey, green and dark brown shades.
The SI unit is kg\ m³ at a reference temperature, typically 15 °C. Knowledge of density is required for quantity calculations. In the USA and some other countries the density of petroleum products is defined in terms of API gravity. This is an arbitrary scale adopted by the American Petroleum Institute for expressing the relative density of oils. The API gravity scale is read "backwards". The higher the API number, expressed as degrees API, the less dense (lighter) the oil is. Conversely, the lower the degrees API, the more dense (heavier) is the oil. Density of oils range from 0.65 to 1.0 gr\cm3 and more at 20 °C. According to density, oils may be light, medium and heavy. Light oil is characterized by the density of 0.5–0.87; medium oil: 0.871–0.910 and heavy oil is described being as 0.910–1.05 gr\cm3.
Viscosity is a property of fluids that indicates their resistance to flow, defined as ratio of shear stress to shear rate. Crude oils range in consistency from water-like to tar-like solids. Fluid with a high viscosity such as syrup deforms more slowly than fluid with a low viscosity such as water. Absolute viscosity is measured in Poise. The oil specific viscosity is usually defined as ratio of absolute viscosity of a given fluid to absolute viscosity of water at the same temperature. The viscosity of oil is dependent upon temperature, pressure and shear rate. Viscosity decreases as temperature increases because molecules vibrate and interact less. Conversely, the viscosity of oil increases as temperature decreases and it can become grease-like at very low temperature.
Crude oils are complex mixtures containing hundreds of different hydrocarbon compounds that vary in appearance and composition from oil field to oil field, therefore, in various oil fields the oil composition can vary significantly. All hydrocarbons are divided into two groups: saturated hydrocarbons and unsaturated hydrocarbons. An "average" crude oil contains about 84 % carbon, 14 % hydrogen, 1–5 % sulfur, and less than 1 % of nitrogen, oxygen, metals and salts. In the refinery, most of these non-hydrocarbon substances are removed and the oil is broken down into various compounds and blended into useful products.