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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter discusses on the conclusions derived from the results of the experiment and
recommends further procedure and experiments which could have been done if
limitations in experimental instruments and time were not a factor to conduct this
research.
5.1 Conclusions
An experimental study was carried out to investigate the thermophysical properties,
friction factor and heat transfer characteristics of 6% vol. concentration AL
2
O
3
/water
nanofluid. The conclusions derived from this experiment and its results are discussed in
this chapter.
The thermal conductivity of the nanofluid was measured and it was found out that there is
certain enhancement in thermal conductivity when using alumina/water nanofluid instead
of water. Within the temperature range from 7 to 50°C, the enhancement is higher at a
lower temperature and vice versa. This is because addition of nanoparticle into base fluid
stabilizes its thermal conductivity and the nanofluid thermal conductivity will not be a
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strong function of temperature whereas for water the thermal conductivity rises with
temperature. The thermal conductivity of nanofluid is a complex phenomenon which
takes into account not only thermal conductivity of the base fluid, thermal
conductivity of
the nanoparticles, diameter of the particle, volume fraction but also several interactions
among the base fluid and the nanoparticle.
The viscosity of NF is higher than that of the base fluid by a factor of 8 at 7°C which
increases to a factor of nearly 10 at 75°C. The viscosity of the nanofluid decreases with
the volume concentration of the nanoparticles and at different temperatures follows the
same trend. The plot between the shear stress and the shear rate (6 to 122 s
−1
) for the NF
shows that it is a Newtonian fluid indicated by the linear line passing through the origin.
After 62.65°C, the NF experiences an irrecoverable increase in viscosity and shows a
hysteresis effect on viscosity when heated beyond this temperature and cooled.
The friction factor of the NF in the laminar region can be well approximated by the
Hagen-Poiseuille
equation,
f
= 64 /
Re
. It is also seen that the transition
from laminar flow
starts to occur at a Reynolds number approximately 1500.
The convective heat transfer for fully developed thermal flow indicated a Nusselt number
close to 4.36 within ±7%. For a thermally developing flow, the measured values of
Nusselt number was in well agreement with the correlation given by Lienhard and
Lienhard (2008) within ±10%. Also, the heat transfer of nanofluid can be accurately
predicted by the correlation given for a single phase fluid.