The rules whose job it is to account for the alternations in the representation of morphemes are called
MORPHOPHONEMIC RULES. Normally a morphophonemic rule will say, ‘Morpheme M is to be realised
by allomorph X in this context, by allomorph Y in that context, and by allomorph Z in some other context’
etc. The allomorph with the widest distribution is usually taken as the UNDERLYING
REPRESENTATION (also Called the UNDERLYING FORM or BASE FORM).
At first sight it might seem reasonable to assume that all one needs to do is to provide a list of the
allomorphs of a morpheme together with the environments where they are found. Rules may seem to
complicate matters gratuitously. However, closer examination of the evidence suggests otherwise. Listing
might have some merit but it also has the drawback of failing to show that there is usually a well-motivated
phonetic basis to the alternation in the realisation of morphemes. It is important to separate things that
belong together for some good reason from things thrown together by chance. My contention is that
normally
the list of allomorphs of a morpheme is not a random collection of morphs. The allomorphs bear a
strong phonological resemblance to each other. This is because all the allomorphs of a morpheme are
normally derived from a single underlying representation. The underlying representation is the only form
that appears in the lexicon. But in the SURFACE REPRESENTATIONS (also called PHONETIC
REPRESENTATIONS) the morpheme may be realised by different forms, depending on the context where
it occurs. The allomorphs, whose distribution is
predictable by rule, are not entered in the lexicon in order to
keep dictionary entries simple. The rules express any generalisations that can be made about the distribution
of allomorphs.
In the case of the regular English plural, /z/ is the allomorph that occurs in the widest range of
environments. It occurs after any vowel and after all voiced consonants except the half-dozen sibilants /s z,
, t d/. So /z/ is set up as the underlying form. In their underlying representations in the lexicon, all nouns with
the regular plural have the /-z/ suffix. But that /z/ appears in the surface representation as /s/, /IZ/ or /z/
depending on the phonetic properties of the final sound of the stem to which it is suffixed:
[5.1]
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: