consonant (as in
lengths, births etc.). Usually it is also / / after vowels (e.g.
moths, cloths etc.). But in a few
cases, when the final / / is preceded by a vowel, it optionally undergoes voicing. So the words below have
two possible plurals:
[5.3]
Voiceless
/ /
Voiced
//
baths
/ba: s/
/ba:z/
youth
/ju: s/
/ju:z/
wreath
/ri: s/
/ri:z/
There is a change in progress in the way nouns ending in /f/ form their plural. However, the direction of
change is towards eliminating the allomorph of the root with the sound /v/ so that we only have the /f/ form.
Hooves
and
rooves are being supplanted by
hoofs and
roofs as the plurals of
hoof and
roof. There are many
nouns ending in /f/ whose last sound never changes in the plural, viz.
chiefs, /t i:fs/ (*/t i:vz /)
laughs, /la:fs/
(*/la:vz),
belief /bIli:fs/ (*/bIli:vz/). The ongoing elimination of the (/f/)alternation (in
hooves etc.) is a way
of making a quirky part of the system fall into line.
To sum up, the behaviour of /f/-final nouns illustrates two properties of morphophonemic rules:
(i) Morphophonemic rules tend to be exception ridden. They rarely apply to all forms with the
appropriate phonological properties. Much of the morphophonemic alternation reflects incomplete
phonological changes in the history of a language. In some respects a language is like an army
marching in one direction when the order is given to change direction. Some soldiers fail to hear (or
choose to ignore) the order to change direction. Thus, we have seen that some /f/s are phonetically
realised as [v] in the plural and others are not.
In this respect morphophonemic rules differ from purely allophonic rules found in phonology.
ALLOPHONIC RULES (which have the job of specifying the phonetic realisation of phonemes)
apply automatically and blindly wherever the requisite phonetic environment that triggers the
alternation is present. For instance, any vowel that appears before a voiced consonant is slightly
lengthened. Compare the /e/ in
bet [bet] with the slightly longer [e·] of
bed [be·d]. (The raised dot
marks this slight lengthening.) The lengthening takes place regardless of which morphemes are
represented. It only fails to happen if the phonological circumstances are not right.
(ii) Morphophonemic rules are triggered by the presence of certain morphemes. They are tied rules
which are only permitted to operate if certain morphological information sets them off. Thus, for
example, in the data in [5.2] above if suffix /-z/ represents the plural morpheme, it assimilates the
voicing
of the last sound of the stem, but
if it represents the genitive, it does not.
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