English for chemists

Lesson 5
ГРАММАТИКА: Согласование времен.
Section I
Ex. 1. Pronounce the following words:

u
but:

u

but:
ur (+ согласная)

ur + гласная eu

cw
_Du:] use, due, cube, huge, human, future, refuse, deduce, duty, assume, music

^[u:] blue, true

13. 
    up, but, cut, thus, such, publish, hundred, result, crust, just, number, much, combustion, substancc
    

to] put, full

[з:] turn, burn, occur, purpose, surface,

further
Do»] pure, during

Du:] neutral neutron, pneumatic, pneumonia
new, few

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b) calcium ['kaclsiam], carbidc [’ka:baid], commcrcial [кэ'тз:/з1], liquefaction [.likwi'fxk/sn], acctylcnc [o'setili:n], broad (bro:d], field [fi:ld], garage ('джга:з), automobile ['D:tomo.bi:l], manufacture [.mxnjo'fxkt/o], refrigerator [ri'fridsorcito], iron [‘aion], disease [di'zirz], alitutude ['a‘ltitju:dj, health [hclO], pneumonia [nju(:)'mdunj3]
Ex. 2. Read the following words and say what Russian words help to understand their meaning.
interest, gas, active, actual, extremely, factor, speed, method, econom­ ically, calcium, carbidc, scale, process, fractional distillation, technically, temperature, revolutionize, defect, operate, industrially, rectification, acctylcnc, proportion, basis, practically, division, production, garage, automobile, manufacture, refrigerator
Ex. 3. Pay attention to the following way of word-building:
основа слова + -lure [t/э] —> существительное
nature, structure, mixture, feature, picture, temperature, manufacture
but: -sure pressure [-/э], measure [-59]
основа слова (иногда с чередованием гласных корня) + -th сущест­
вительное
strength, length, depth, death, breath, health
основа слова + -less —» прилагательное
useless, senseless, colourless, odourless, tasteless, featureless

Ex. 4. Give the initial forms of the following words, arrange them in the alphabetic order and find their meaning in a dictionary.

mixed, welding, divided, fields, perhaps, equipment, applied, surfaces, altitudes, otherwise, feet, besides, required
Ex. 5. Using the context and a dictionary give the right meaning of the Italicized words.
1. He usually finds his own way to do the work. 2. There is no other way out. 3. In this way, the oxy-acctylcnc process is applied almost in every field of industry. 4. How long is a foot? — It is 30.48 centimetres. 5. The phlogiston theory no longer exists. 6. The academic year is divided into two terms. 7. Technical terms arc easy to learn if there arc Russian analogues. 8. Elements arc classified in terms of their properties. 9. My friend lives not far from the University. 10. By far the greatest volume of oxygen is used for industrial purposes.

2 CrcnjHOM

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Text 5 A
Modern Uses of Oxygen
Although oxygen has been used in industry for more than 100 years, there has been interest in this colourless, odourless, tasteless gas for several' hundred years. Its presence as an active element in the air was suspected as long ago as 1500 A. D., but only in 1777 Antoine Lavoisier, a French chcmist, named oxygen and described its properties.
The actual development of the industrial application of oxygen for the next hundred years was extremely slow. Then, at the turn of the twentieth century, two factors greatly speeded progress. One was a method for economically producing oxygen of high purity from the air, and the other was a method for producing calcium carbidc on a commercial scale.
Probably 95 per cent of the huge volume of oxygen used today is obtained from the air by a process which was developed by Dr. Carl von Linde in Germany in 1895 and 1902. This method is based upon the liquefaction of air and its fractional distillation. Technically, the proccss is complicated, as it requires one of the lowest temperatures used industrially — more than 300°F below zero (-194.4eC). The liquid air is a very cold mixture of liquid oxygen and liquid nitrogen. Oxygen is then separated by rectification. Most oxygen produced for industrial purposes is purer than 99 per ccnt.
Calcium carbidc treated with water produces acctylcnc, a gas which burns in air with a brilliant white light. When the two gases, oxygen and acctylcnc arc mixed in proper proportions and burned, their combustion produces the hottest flame known — more than 5400°F (» 3000°C). This flame for the past 100 years has formed the basis for the oxy-acctylcnc proccss for welding and cutting metals.
Today there is practically no industry which docs not use the proccss. Broadly speaking, applications arc divided into two fields — repair and production. The repair field is perhaps the better known, for practically every garage uses the oxy-acctylcnc proccss for repairing automobile parts. In industry, there is not a factory which docs not use the proccss in many different ways for repairing the equipment.
Another proccss where acetylene is used, is callcd “hard-facing”*. Extremely hard alloys arc applied to the surfaces of metal parts, increasing the life of the parts many times.
Certain industries have developed mostly due to welding. This is true in the manufacture of airplanes, automobiles, refrigerators, railway roads.
But the greatest amount of oxygen is used in cutting iron and steel — one of the most spectacular applications of oxygen in industry. This simple proccss has literally revolutionized the metalworking industries. It was found that any cuts were made quite easily.

* hard-facing — покрытие твердым слоем, улрочненне поверхности

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One of the most recent applications of the oxy-acctylcnc proccss is for removing surface defects from steel. In this way, larger amounts of cleaner and better steel arc made possible at lower cost.

Although by far the greatest volume of oxygen— amounting to several billion cubic feet a year— is used for industrial puiposcs, an ever increasing amount of oxygen is being used in mcdicinc, the treatment of diseases, such as pneumonia or heart diseases. It has saved many lives. Besides, while breathing oxygen, aircraft pilots operate at altitudes otherwise impractical without it.

It may be said that oxygen is men’s best friend— both in industry and for human health.
Words and Word-Combinatlons to Be Memorized
acetylene, actual, amount, apply, base, below, besides, bum, calcium, carbide, commercial, complicated, development, distillation, divide, equipment, ever, extremely, factor, foot (feet), fractional, human, interest, iron, liquid, manufacture, mix, nitrogen, operate, past, possible, practically, presence, process, production, proportion, recent, scale, separate, speed, steel, taste, tasteless, technically, temperature, than, true, at the turn of the ccntuiy, while
Ex. 6. Give the Russian equivalents for the following:
long ago, more than, less than, industrial application, extremely slow, at the turn of the twentieth ccntuiy, speed progress, high, purity, on a commercial scale, huge volume, obtain by a proccss, develop a process, liquid air, separate, for industrial purposes, treat with smth., mix in proper proportions, form the basis for smth., automobile parts, the metalworking industries, remove a dcfcct, treat a disease, breathe oxygen
Ex. 7. Give the English equivalents for the following:
активный элемент, только, в промышленных масштабах, вероятно, карбид кальция, получить из воздуха, разработать метод, фракционная перегонка, самая низкая температура, ниже нуля, выше нуля, жидкий воздух, для промышленных целей, горсть на воздухе, разделить на, металлические детали, наибольшее количество, простой процесс, та­ ким образом, возможный, хотя, кроме того, лучший друг человека
Ex. 8. Fill in the blanks with prepositions where necessary. of, at, in,for,from , upon, with

1. Oxygen has been used ... undustiy... more than 100 years. 2. The actual development... the industrial application ... oxygen began ... the turn of the twentieth century. 3. Today probably 95 per ccnt... the huge volume ... oxygen is obtained ... the air. 4. This method is based ... the liquefaction ... air and its fractional distillation. 5. When calcium carbidc

is treated ... water, it produces acctylcnc. 6. Acctylcnc bums ... air ... a brilliant white light. 7. The greatest amount... oxygen is used ... cutting iron and steel.

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Ex. 9. a) Cheek up if you remember the following:

Прилагательные	Полож!ггсльная	Сравнительная	Превосходная
	степень	степень	степень
Односложные	long	longer	the longer/
прилагательные
Многосложные	difficult