English for chemists

Lesson 4
ГРАММАТИКА: Особыс случаи выражения сказуемого глаголом в стра­ дательном залоге.
Section I
Ex. 1. Pronounce the following words:

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[ЭО] no, so, role, close, those, note, ago,
devote, over, hope

but: _[A] one, none

[DO] old, cold, only

_l°] on. long, not, box, clock, dog, hot,
shop, soft, stop, strong

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   love, above, cover, discover, come, some, among, other, mother, brother
   

or (+ согласная)	Io]	for, form, order, north, port, short
but:	[з:]	work, word, world
or + гласная	[D:]	more, before, explore, store
oor	[D:]	door, floor
but:	[ОЭ]	poor
00	M	book, look, foot, good
	[u:]	room, food, soon, moon, noon

b) oxygen ['oksid5(o)n], amateur ['acmota:], adherent [od'hioront], various [‘vesnss], particularly [po'tikjololi], evidence [cvidons], phlogiston [flD'dsistan], combustion [kom'bAStjbn], concept ('konsopt], average ['aivandsj, atmosphere ['ictmosfio]

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Ex. 2. Read the following words and say what Russian words help to understand their meaning:
religious, pharmacist, component, atmosphere, publication, role, phlogiston, basis, concept, combination, Swedish, French, metal, product
Ex. 3. Pay attention to the following way of word-building:
основа слова + -age [ids] —> существительное average, heritage, language
основа слова + -ry [n] —» существительное
theory, ccntury, country, factoiy, history, industry, discovery
основа слова + -tiide [tju(:)d] существительное multitude, magnitude
Ex. 4. Arrange the words in the alphabetic order and find their meaning in the dictionary*.
credit, share, clergyman, amateur, persecution, derive, delay, ardent, adherent, yield, volume, extent, independently, mercuric
Ex. 5. Define what parts of speech the italicized words belong to. Translate the sentences into Russian. Use the dictionary if necessary.
1. Priestley’s work was published in 1774. 2. The students of our group work hard at their English. 3. Shccle’s experiments had probably been performed even earlier than Priestley’s. 4. He experiments on this substancc to make its composition clear. 5. Oxygen plays an important role in combustion. 6. The plays by A. P. Chekhov arc known all over
the world. 7. Air the room, please. 8. Oxygen makes up 21 per cent of air. 9. The yield of this reaction is usually good. 10. As a result of combustion many substanccs yield products which react with water and give acidic solutions. 11. She looks fine today. 12. Priestley’s fine work gave good results.
Text 4 A
Oxygen: History and Occurrence
Credit for the discovery of oxygen is shared by two men, Joseph Priestley, an English clergyman and amateur scientist, who later moved to the United States to escape religious persecution, and Carl Wilhelm Schccle, a Swedish pharmacist. Working independently, these two men both obtained the gas which wc know as oxygen by heating various compounds of the element, particularly mercuric oxide. They also found evidence that this gas is a component of the atmosphere. Priestley’s work was published in 1774, but although Schcclc’s experiments had probably been performed even earlier, their publication was delayed and no account of them appeared

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until 1777. Though Priestley recognized that the gas which he had discovered plays an important role in combustion, he remained, along with Schccle, an ardent adherent of the phlogiston theory of combustion; in fact, he callcd the gas “dcphlogisticated air”.
On the basis of the experimental results of Priestley, Schcelc, and others, as well as some very fine experimental work of his own, in 1777 the brilliant French chcmist Lavoisier established the modem concept that the combustion of a substancc consists in its combination with the new gas which Priestley and Schcelc had described, and which Lavoisier found an important constituent of the atmosphere. Sincc the combustion of many substanccs (now known as non-metals) such as phosphorus and sulphur yields products which react with water and give acidic solutions, Lavoisier named this gas oxygen, derived from Greek words meaning “acid former”.
Oxygen occurs in the free state as the second most abundant component of the atmosphere; about one-fifth of the air by volume is oxygen. In the combined state it makes up 88.81% by weight of pure water, and, on the average, 85.79% of sea water. It occurs in the earth’s crust, in the form of a multitude of compounds, to the estimated extent of46.43%.
Words and Word-Combinations to Be Memorized
abundant, account, acid, air, although, appear, atmosphere, on the average, combination, combustion, component, concept, consist in, constituent, earth, escapc, establish, estimate, even, evidence, fine, free, heat, make up, metal, obtain, occurrence, oxide, oxygen, own, particularly, perform, play a role, probably, product, publication, publish, pure, react, since, solution, though, until, very, as well as, yield
Ex. 6. Give the Russian equivalents for the following:
move to, escape smth., obtain, by heating, particularly, find evidence, be a component of smth., although, perform an experiment, even earlier, appear, until, though, along with, in fact, on the basis of, as well as, very fine experimental work, modem concept, work of one’s own, consist in smth., sincc, such as, yield products, an acidic solution, the second most abundant component, about one-fifth by volume, in the combined state, on the average
Ex. 7. Give the English equivalents for the following:
различные соединения, путем нагревания, особенно, найти дока­ зательство, составная часть атмосферы, хотя, опубликовать работу, признавать, играть важную роль, наряду с, на основании, так же как, тонкая работа, современное понятие, заключаться в, так как, неме­ талл, давать продуты, реагировать с, в свободном состоянии, встре­ чаться в атмосфере, около 90% по весу, чистая вода, в среднем, мор­ ская вода

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Ex. 8. Fill in the blanks with prepositions and conjunctions where ncccssary.