English for chemists

Lesson 3
ГРАММАТИКА: Простое сказуемое в страдательном залоге.
Scction I
Ex. 1. Pronounce the following words:

а) [a.)
(0

i + г (+ согласная) [з:]
i + r + гласная [aia]
i + nd [a.]
like, nine, side, sky, time, try, by, size, life, final, revise, strike, die, five, type
in, this, with, six, still, little, nickel, mixture, system, crystal, kiypton, consist

first, sir, bird, circle, dirty, girl, third, thirty

fire, wire, entire
kind, mind, find, behind

2. 
   thorough [*6лгэ], valence [‘veibns], column ['kolom], immediately [rmiidjoth], accept [ok"sept], weight [wcit], whereas [weor'asz], isotope ['aisotaop], neutron [*nju:tron]
   

2. 
   argon ['agon], cobalt [*кэоЬэ:к], gallium ['gasliom], germanium [dso'mcmiom], helium ['hi:ljom], iodine [atodkn], krypton ['knptonj.neon [*ni:on], nickel t'mkl], potassium [po'tassjom], protactinium [.prootak'timom], radium ['rcidjom], radon ['rcidon], scandium ['skaendiom], tellurium [tc'ljuanam], thorium ['0э:пэт], xenon ['zenon]
   

What are these elements?

Ex. 2. Read the following words and say what Russian words help to understand their meaning:

OnaUphysical, special*valencc, column, general, revise, position, indicate, isotope, pijxtuK£;ma$s,n?^otbn, neutron, vacant, radioactive, contain, group

18 i	7* 1*1	i
	1 ici

Ex. 3. Pay attention to the following way of word-building:
основа слова + -once (-ence) [ans] —» существительное
-ancex substance, significance, importance
-ence: valcnce, existence, difference, occurrence, dependence
основа слова + -ment [mant] —» существительное
establishment, experiment, development, statement, argument, measurement
основа слова + -и>ard(s) (wod(z)] —> наречне
aftcrward(s), forward, eastward(s), homeward(s), downward(s)
Ex. 4. Give the initial forms of the following words and find them in the dictionary:

proposed, resembling, placcd, discoveries, successes, pairs, occurring, higher, caused, indicated, changing

Ex. 5. Define what parts of speech the italicized words belong to. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Every chemical has its own chemical and physical properties. 2. In the evening he usually works in his study. 3. Chemists study properties of elements and their compounds. 4. There is a round table in the middle of the room. 5. Mendeleyev proposed his periodic table in 1869.6. There arc many places of interest in St. Petersburg. 7. Mendeleyev places the elements in the order of increasing atomic weight.

Text 3 A
The History of the Periodic Table
The final and most important step in the development of the periodic table was taken in 1869, when the Russian chcmist Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev (1834-1907) made a thorough study of the relation between the atomic weights of the elements and their physical and chcmical properties, with special attention to valcncc. Mendeleyev proposed a periodic table containing seventeen columns, resembling in a general way the present periodic table without the noble gases. In 1871 Mendeleyev revised this table and placcd a number of elements in different positions, corresponding to revised values of their atomic weights.
The “zero” group was added to the periodic table after the discovery of helium, neon, argon, krypton and xenon by Lord Rayleigh and Sir William Ramsay in 1894 and the following years.
The periodic law was accepted immediately after its proposal by Mendeleyev bccausc of its succcss in making predictions with its use which were afterward verified by experiment. In 1871 Mendeleyev found that by changing seventeen elements from the positions indicated by the atomic weights which had been acccptcd for them into new positions, their properties could be better correlated with the properties of the other elements.

Most of the elements occur in the periodic table in the order of increasing atomic weights. There still remain, however, four pairs of elements in the inverted order of atomic weight; argon and potassium (the atomic numbers of argon and potassium arc 18 and 19, respectively, whereas their atomic weights are 39.948 and 39.098), cobalt and nickel, tclluruim and iodine, and protactinium and thorium. The nature of the isotopes of these elements is such that the atomic weight of the naturally occurring mixture of isotopes is greater for the element of the lower atomic number in cach of these pairs than for the element of higher atomic number; thus, argon consists almost entirely (99.6%) of the isotope with mass number 40 (18 protons, 22 neutrons), whereas potassium consists largely (93.4%) of the isotope with mass number 39 (19 protons, 20 neutrons). This inversion of the order in the periodic system, as indicated by the chcmical properties of the elements, from that of atomic weight caused much concern before the atomic numbers of the elements were discovered, but has now been recognized as having little significance.

A very striking application of the periodic law was made by Men­ deleyev. He predicted the existence of six elements which had not yet been discovered, corresponding to vacant places in his table. Three of these elements were soon discovered (they were named scandium, gallium, and germanium by their discoverers), and it was found that their properties and the properties of their compounds arc very close to those predicted by Mendeleyev.
After helium and argon had been discovered, the existence of neon, krypton, xenon, and radon was clearly indicated by the periodic law, and the search for those elements in air led to the discovery of the first three of them; radon was then discovered during the investigation of the properties of radium and other radioactive substanccs.
Words and Word*Combinations to Be Memorized
acccpt, add, air, application, because of, causc, close, column, compound, conccm, contain, discovery, entirely, following, gas, however, immediately, important, increase, inverse, investigation, isotope, largely, lead, mixture, neutron, noble, occur, pair, physical, propose, proton, recognize, relation, resemble, respectively, revise, search, significance, soon, step, still, striking, success, thorough, vacant, valence, value, weight, whereas
Ex. 6. Give the Russian equivalents for the following:
take steps, make a thorough study, propose, column, in a general way, corresponding to, the following years, accept a law, immediately, bccausc of, make predictions, most of, occur, in the order of, still, in the inverted order, respectively, whereas, almost entirely, largely, causc conccm, recognize, little significance, application, soon, be close to smth., indicate clearly, during the investigation, radioactive substanccs

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Ex. 7. Give the English equivalents for the following:
наиболее важный шаг, периодическая таблица, отношение, атом­ ный вес, между, особое внимание, содержать, инертный газ, пере­ смотреть таблицу, ряд элементов, нулевая группа, добавить к чему-л., успех, большинство элементов, в обратном порядке, атомный номер, смесь изотопов, состоять из, протон, нейтрон, главным образом, боль­ шое значение, применение, свободные места в таблице, таким обра­ зом, вскоре, химическое соединение, в воздухе, привести к
Ex. 8. Fill in the blanks with prepositions where ncccssary. by, of, to, in, after, without, between

1. D. I. Mendeleyev made ...		a thorough study ...		the relation ...	the
atomic weights...	the elements and their properties. 2. Mendeleyev’s periodic
table consisted ...	seventeen columns. 3 ....		a general way Mendeleyev’s

table resembled ... the present periodic table ... the noble gases.

4. Mendeleyev placcd... a number...			elements... different positions. 5. The
periodic law was accepted ...		its proposal... Mendeleyev. 6. Most... the
elements occur ...	the periodic table		... the order ...	increasing atomic

weights. 7. Mendeleyev predicted the existence ... six elements

corresponding... vacant places... his table. 8. The properties...		the newly
discovered elements were very close ...	the properties predicted	... him.

Ex. 9. Translate the sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the meaning of the word that (those).

1. Put your bag on that table. 2. Mendeleyev found that the atomic weights were correlated with the properties of corresponding elements.

3. 
   Ibe atomic weight of potassium is 39.098 and that of argon is 39.948.
   
4. 
   The inversion of the order in the periodic system from that of atomic weight caused much conccm. 5. The properties of the elements and those of their compounds arc close to those predicted by Mendeleyev. 6. That difficulty exists no more. 7. The properties of those compounds arc different. 8. Elements from Group I differ from those of Group II.
   

Ex. 10. a) Write the three forms of the following verbs:

find, have, do, be, mean, know, study, show, bear, lay, draw, found, try, come, take, make, lead, predict, resemble
b) Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. Special attention was drawn to valence. 2. The most important step was taken when Mendeleyev studied the relation between the atomic weights and the properties of the elements. 3. This final step was taken by the great Russian chcmist in 1869.4. A periodic table containing seventeen columns was proposed by him. 5. In 1871 the table was revised corresponding to revised values of the atomic weights of some elements.

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6. The periodic law was accepted and widely used by chcmists. 7. It was found that the atomic weights which had been accepted for some elements were not accurate. 8. After the paper on the periodic table was presented, it was soon published in Russian and in German. 9. Properties of chcmical elements and compounds arc thoroughly studied in laboratories. 10. Some elements were given new places in the table after the revision of their' atomic weights. 11. The inversion of the order in the periodic system has now been rccognizcd as having little significance. 12. The periodic law is widely applied by chcmists. 13. Radon was discovered during the investigation of the properties of radium and radioactive substanccs.
Ex. 11. Translate the scntcnccs into English.
I. Когда Менделеев разрабатывал периодическую систему, мно­ гие элементы еще не были открыты. 2. Русское химическое обще­ ство было основано в 1868 году. 3. Нулевая группа была добавлена к периодическом таблице после открытия инертных газов. 4. Предска­ зания Менделеева оправдались последующим открытием новых эле­ ментов. 5. Гелий, неон, аргон, криптон и ксенон были открыты в 1894 году и в последующие годы. 6. Всю свою жизнь Менделеев по­ святил развитию науки. 7. Химические свойства указывали на нару­ шение порядка в нескольких местах в таблице. 8. Менделеев пред­ сказал существование шесте элементов.
Ex. 12. Make up questions to the italicized parts of the scntcnccs.
1. Mendeleyev proposed a periodic table containing seventeen columns
(2). 2. The periodic table was acccptcd immediately after its proposal (2). 3. Most of the elements occur in the periodic table in the order of increasing atomic weight (2).
Ex. 13. Answer the following questions:
1. When did Mendeleyev present his periodic system? 2. Were there noble gases in his periodic table? 3. Why did Mendeleyev revise his table? 4. What elements arc there in Group “0”? 5. How arc elements arranged in the system? 6. Why arc there elements in the inverted order of atomic weights? 7. What discoveries verified Mendeleyev’s pre­ dictions?