Engineering data book

Partial Volumes in Storage Tanks 6-18
Product Recovery 6-16
Vapor Losses 6-16
Displacement Losses 6-16
Liquid Equivalents of Tank Vapors 6-16
Vaporization Losses 6-16
Vapor Recovery Systems 6-17
Site Preparation and Installation 6-13
Dikes 6-13
Grounding 6-16
Storage Classifications 6-2
Types 6-5
Above Ground 6-5
Working Pressures 6-2
Storage, Types of 6-5
Above Ground 6-5
Bolted 6-5
Fixed Roof 6-5
Flat-Sided Tanks 6-5
Floating Roof 6-5
Horizontal Cylindrical Tanks 6-5
Lined Ponds 6-5
Pit Storage 6-7
Specialty 6-5
Spheres 6-5
Spheroids 6-5
Liquid Storage 6-17
Accessories 6-18
Capacities 6-18
Desirability of Large Units 6-17
Gaging Table 6-18
Refrigerated Tanks 6-7
Double Containment Tank 6-10
Full Containment Tank 6-10
Single Containment Tank 6-10
Underground 6-7
Conventional Mined Caverns 6-7
Solution Mined Caverns 6-7
Storage Classification 6-2
Above Ground 6-2
Atmospheric 6-2
High Pressure (Above 15 psig) 6-2
Low Pressure (0 to 2.5 psig) 6-2
Medium Pressure (2.5 to 15 psig) 6-2
Underground 6-2
Storage Pressure 6-3
Storage Vessels for Low- and High-Pressure Services 6-5
Straight Refrigeration Process 16-5
Strapping 1-7
Stream Day 1-7
Stripper 1-7
Stripper Calculations 19-30
Stripping Factor 1-7
Stripping Factor Correlation 19-31
Stripping Medium 1-7
Subcooling Liquid Refrigerant 14-6
Suction 12-3
Double 12-3
Single 12-3
Sulfur 1-7, 22-21

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xxvii
Heat of Vaporization 22-22
Vapor Pressure 22-21
Sulfur Dioxide (SO
2
) 1-7
Sulfur Oxides (SO
x
) 15-15
Sulfur Product Specifications 22-32
Sulfur Recovery 22-1
Claus Plant Maintenance 22-33
Claus Plant Startup and Shutdown Procedures 22-20
Initial Startup 22-20
Shutdowns 22-23
Subsequent Startups 22-20
Claus Process 22-1
Claus Process Calculation 22-27
Claus Process Considerations 22-2
Catalyst Converter Operation 22-7
Combustion Operation 22-4
Process Variations 22-4
Reheating Operation 22-6
Sulfur Condenser Operation 22-6
Waste Heat Recovery Operation 22-6
Claus Unit Tail Gas Handling 22-11
Acid Gas Enrichment in Claus Plants 22-15
Continuation Processes 22-14
Direct Oxidation Processes 22-13
Emerging Processes 22-16
H
2
S Recovery Processes 22-13
Incineration 22-11
Liquid Redox 22-14
Oxygen Enrichment in Claus Plants 22-15
SO
2
Recovery Processes 22-14
Tail Gas Clean-up Processes 22-12
Instrumentation 22-32
Mechanical Considerations 22-8
Catalyst Converter Operation 22-10
Combustion Operation 22-8
Piping 22-10
Reheating Operation 22-9
Direct (Inline Burner) Method 22-10
Indirect (Heating Exchanger) Method 22-10
Sulfur Condenser Operation 22-9
Waste Heat Recovery Operation 22-8
Operational Aspects 22-32
Properties of Sulfur 22-16
Sulfur Product Specifications 22-32
Sulfur Storage and Handling 22-16
Sulfur Recovery Process with Acid Gas and Air Preheat 22-6
Sulfur Seal and Drain Relationship 22-11
Sulfur Storage and Handling 22-16
Sulfur Vapor, Viscosity of 22-22
Sulfur Vapor Species, Distribution 22-20
Superheated Steam, Properties of 24-37, 24-38
Superheat Efficiency Correction Factor for Condensing Turbines 15-6
Superheat Efficiency Correction Factor for Non-Condensing Turbines
15-6
Supervisory Control 4-3
Surface and Volume of Spheres, Approximate 6-23
Surface Tension of Paraffin Hydrocarbons 23-41
Surface Water 18-3
Surge Drum 7-2
Surge Time 7-2
Surging 12-3
Sweet Gas 1-7, 21-1
Switchboard 18-4
Switchgear 18-4
Synchronism 18-3
Synchronous Speed 18-4
System Control Diagram 4-3
System Factors 19-12
Table of Physical Constants, Notes and References 23-9
Tail Gas Clean-up (TGCU) 21-4
Tail Gas Clean-up Unit 22-1
Taitel and Dukler 17-16
Tandem Gas Seal 13-33
Tank Heaters 9-20
Tank Suction Heater 9-20
Taylor Forge 7-42
Telemetry 4-3
Temperature Correction Factor 1-7
Temperature Indicator (TI) 4-4
Temperature Sensors 4-12
Test Separator 7-2
TGCU (Tail Gas Clean-up Unit) 21-1
The American Petroleum Institute (API) 15-28
Theoretical Equilibrium Percent Conversion of Hydrogen Sulfide to 
Sulfur 22-2
Therm 1-7
Thermal Compressors 13-2
Thermal Conductivity 23-33
Calculation 23-33
Hydrocarbon
Gases at One Atmosphere 23-39
Liquid Paraffin Hydrocarbons 23-40
Liquid Petroleum Fractions 23-40
Miscellaneous
Gases at One Atmosphere 23-39
Ratio for Gases 23-39
Thermal Conductivity Detector, Example of 3-33
Thermal Conductivity of Diethylene Glycol — Water Mixtures 20-22
Thermal Conductivity of Ethylene Glycol — Water Mixtures 20-22
Thermal Conductivity of Ferrous Materials 8-8
Thermal Conductivity of Triethylene Glycol — Water Mixtures 20-22
Thermal Cutout 18-4
Thermal Expansion of Hydrocarbon Liquids, Density Correction for
23-26
Thermal Protector 18-4
Thermal Radiation 5-21
Thermocouples, Properties of 4-13
Thermodynamic Calculations for Compression 13-4
Thermodynamic Properties 24-1
Change of Enthalpy with Pressure 24-2
Enthalpy and Entropy Data 24-3
Mixtures of CO
2
with H
2
S 24-3
Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Helium 24-3
Pure CO
2
24-3
Enthalpy Behavior 24-2
Ideal Gas State Enthalpies 24-2
Entropy Correlation 24-3
Example Calculation using Enthalpy Correlation 24-3
P-H Charts, Uses for 24-3
Thermodynamic Properties of Water 24-32, 24-33
Thermodynamics 24-1
Thermosyphon Reboiler Driving Force Curve 19-22
Three-Stage Refrigeration System 14-4
Three-Stage Sulfur Plant, Example 22-3
Three Phase Separator 7-2
Three Stream Counterflow Brazed Aluminum Heat Exchanger 9-22

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xxviii
Threshold Limit Value 21-1
Throttling 12-3
Tonne 1-7
Ton of Refrigeration 14-1
Top Feed Nozzles 19-25
Top Feed Nozzles, Design Paramaters for 19-25
Total Draw-off 19-27
Total Emissivity of Various Surfaces 8-9
Transfer Units (NTUs) vs. Theoretical Stages (N) 20-35
Transformer Connection Schematics 18-29
Transmitter 4-4
Tray/Spray Deaerator 18-17
Trayed Column 1-7
Treating Plant Wastewater, Complete System 18-23
Triethanolamine (TEA) 21-13
Triplex 12-3
True Mean Temperature Difference (TMTD) 9-12
True Vapor Pressure 6-3
Tubular Exchangers Manufacturers Association (TEMA) 9-14
Turbine Fuel Gas Specifications 18-9
Turbine Meter Components, Example of 3-18
Turbine Types 15-3
Turboexpander 1-7
Turboexpanders 13-48
Mechanical 13-48
Auxiliary Systems 13-49
Control Systems 13-51
Twister Process, Concept of 16-6
Two-Column NRU 16-34
Two-fluid PCHE 9-36
Two-Level Chilling, Two-Stage Cooling System 14-5
Two-Phase and Three-Phase Separator Design and Operating 
Principles 7-24
Two-Phase Friction Factor Ratio 17-18
Two-Position (on-off) Controllers 4-17
Two-Stage Refrigeration System 14-4
Two- and Three-Wire Control Wiring Diagrams 18-32
Two Phase Flow Regimes 17-17
Typical Components of Industry Streams 1-2
Typical Compressor Map (Variable Speed) 13-38
Typical Gas Turbine Skid Layout 15-9
Typical Heat Transfer Coefficients 9-6
Typical Metal Thermal Conductivities 9-6
Ullage (see Outage) 1-7
Ultra High Purity Helium (UHPH) 3-32
Ultrasonic Flow Meter, Example of 3-15
Ultrasonic Flow Meters 4-13
Ultrasonic Measurement 3-15
Ultrasonic Meter (UM) 3-15
Unbalanced Response Plot 13-40
Unburned Hydrocarbons (UHC) 15-15
Undamped Critical Speed Map 13-40
Units and Conversion Factors 23-8
Unsaturated Compounds 1-7
Utilities 18-1
Building and Area Classification 18-35
Hazardous Classified Locations, Types of
18-35
Hazardous Divisions 18-35
Hazardous Gases 18-35
Intrinsically Safe Design 18-36
Need for Classification
18-36
Purging/Pressurization 18-36
Cathodic Protection 18-34
Closed Cooling Water Systems 18-21
Definitions of Words and Phrases 18-1
Electrical Heat Tracing 18-33
Electrical Systems 18-23
Motors 18-23
Transformer Connections 18-28
Transformer Locations 18-29
Fuel Systems 18-7
Grounding 18-34
Equipment Grounding 18-34
Grounding Principles 18-34
Ground Resistivity Test 18-34
System Grounding 18-34
Heat Medium Systems 18-5
Instrument Air Systems 18-5
Interunit Spacing Guidelines 18-38
Intra-Unit Spacing Guidelines 18-39
Lighting 18-33
Sources 18-33
Mainatenance Program Development 18-43
Maintenance Guidelines 18-37
Motor Controls 18-30
Controllers 18-31
Electrical Control Devices 18-32
Power Factor Correction 18-32
Protective Devices 18-30
NEMA Enclosures 18-36
Nitrogen Systems 18-7
Once-Through Cooling Water Systems 18-21
Open Water Cooling Systems 18-19
Biological Fouling 18-20
Corrosion Control 18-19
Scale Control 18-19
Solids Removal 18-21
Other Water Systems 18-21
Planned Maintenance Validation 18-43
Plant Spacing Guidelines 18-37
Power Supply System 18-23
Programmable Controllers 18-34
Reliability, Availability and Maintainability 18-43
Stand-by Power 18-34
Steam Systems 18-5
Storage Tank Spacing Guidelines 18-40
Wastewater Treatment and Disposal 18-21
Water Treating Requirements 18-8
ABMA and ASME Standards 18-12
Boiler Blowdown 18-11
Boiler Water Chemistry 18-11
Boiler Water Systems 18-11
Boiler Water Treatment — External 18-13
Boiler Water Treatment — General 18-13
Boiler Water Treatment — Internal 18-17
Source Waters 18-8
Water Analysis 18-9
Vacuum Deaerator 18-17
Vacuum Refrigeration Systems 14-10
Valve Freeze Method for Determining Moisture Content
(ASTM D-2713) 2-2
Valve Sizing Equations 4-24

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xxix
Valve Tray Diameter 19-11
Valve Types 19-9
van der Waals 25-9
Vane Element Mist Extractor and Typical Vane Pack 7-10
Vanes, Guide 12-3
Vapor-Liquid Equilibria 16-37
Vaporizers 8-36
Vaporization Processes 8-36
High Pressure Non-refrigerated LPG, Propane and Butanes
8-37
High Pressure Refrigerated and Non-refrigerated Liquids 8-36
Refrigerated Liquids Around Atmospheric Pressure 8-37
Vapor Outlet Configurations 7-27
Vapor Pressure (True Vapor Pressure) 1-8
Vapor Pressure, GPA 1-8
Vapor Pressure Gasoline 1-8
Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Diethylene Glycol Solutions at Various 
Temperatures 20-23
Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Triethylene Glycol Solutions at Various 
Temperatures 20-23
Vapor Pressures of Ethylene Glycol at Various Temperatures 20-23
Vapor Pressures of Gas Treating Chemicals 21-10
Vapor Recompression 19-29
Vapor Recovery 1-8
Vapor Thermal Conductivity of HFC-134a at Atmospheric Pressure
14-27
Vapor Thermal Conductivity of HFC-410a at Atmospheric Pressure
14-26
Vertical, High Pressure, Double Case, Multi-Stage Pump 12-9
Vertical Can Pump 12-9
Vertical Filter Separator 7-38
Vertical Flow Vane Gas-Liquid Separators 7-19
Vertical Gas-Liquid-Liquid Separator 7-23
Vertical Gas-Liquid Separator Comparison Chart 7-15
Vertical Gas-Liquid Separators — Combination Internals 7-19
Configurations 7-19
Flooded Mesh Pad Followed by Vane Pack 7-20
Vane or Mesh Axial Cyclone Combination 7-20
Vane Pack Followed by Mesh Pad 7-20
Vertical Gas-Liquid Separators — No Internals 7-17
Vertical Gas-Liquid Separators with Axial Flow Multi-Cyclones 7-19
Vertical Gas-Liquid Separators with Mesh Pad 7-17
Vertical Gas-Liquid Separators with Reverse Flow Multi-Cyclone 
Internals 7-19
Vertical Gas-Liquid Separators with Vane Pack 7-18
Vertical Inline Pump 12-8
Vertical Separators with Vane Packs 7-18
Vertical Thermosyphon Reboiler Connected to Tower 19-22
Vertical Up-Flow Regime Map 17-17
Vertical Vessel Inlet Devices 7-24
Vertical Vessels with Combination Configuration 7-19
Vessel Orientation, Factors that Determine 7-15
VFD and Soft Start Options Comparison 18-24
Vibrating Tube Densitometer 3-21
Vibration Severity Chart 13-40
Viscosities of Aqueous Diethylene Glycol Solutions 20-21
Viscosities of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions 20-20
Viscosities of Aqueous Triethylene Glycol Solutions 20-21
Viscosity of a Gas Mixture, Calculation 23-38
Viscosity of Air 23-35
Viscosity of Liquid Sulfur 22-17
Viscosity of Miscellaneous Gases — One Atmosphere 23-35
Viscosity of Steam 23-38
Viscosity Ratio vs. Pseudoreduced Temperature 23-35
Viscosity Relationships, 1-13
Volatile Sulfur 1-8
Voltage (of a Circuit): 18-4
Voltage, Nominal 18-4
Voltage to Ground 18-4
Volume Control at Constant Speed 13-36
Volume Control at Variable Speed 13-36
Volumetric Efficiency 13-8
Volute 12-3
Double 12-3
Single 12-3
Vortex-Tube Device Design 16-7
Vortex Breaker 12-3
Warm Air Recirculation 10-4
Waste Heat Recovery 8-38
Wastewater Treatment and Disposal 18-21
Water Adsorption Isotherms 20-45
Water Content of Gases and Liquids 20-2
Water Content in the Hydrate Region 20-8
Water Content Measurement 20-9
Water Content of High CO
2
/H
2
S Gases 20-5
Water Content of Natural Gases 20-3
Water Solubility in Liquid Hydrocarbons 20-2
Water Content of Hydrocarbon Gas 20-4
Water Draw-off 19-28
Water Impurities and Characteristic Treatment 18-10
Water Properties at Saturation Pressure 24-34
Water Treatment Separators 7-43
Water Viscosity at Saturated Conditions 23-36
Water Wash for Sweet Gas Leaving Amine Contactor 21-11
Water Wash Schematic 21-3
Weathering 1-8
Weathering Test 1-8
Weight in Air 1-8
Welded Frame Style PHE 9-34
Welding Caps Chart 13-16
Wellhead 1-8
Wet Gas 1-8
Weymouth Equation, The 17-6
Wireless Transmitters and Devices 4-15
Wire Mesh Mist Eliminator 7-10
Wobbe Number 1-8
Word, Computer 4-4
Working Pressures 17-22
Refinery Piping 17-22
Transmission Lines 17-22
Y-Grade Product Specifications 2-7
Ziegler-Nichols Method 4-19, 4-20
Zones of a Gas-Liquid Separator 7-23

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NOTES:
xxx

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