Engineering data book

Parting Sheets 9-21
Ports 9-21
Support Angles 9-21
Other Uses of Core Blocks 9-31
BAHX Kettle 9-31
Hardware Capabilities 9-24
Distributor and Passage Arrangements 9-26
Fins 9-24
Materials and Codes of Construction 9-24
Heat Load Curves 9-26
Installation-Operation-Maintenance 9-30
Cleaning 9-31
Field Testing and Repair 9-30
Hydrate Suppression 9-31
Insulation 9-30
Mounting 9-30
Specifications
9-26
Brazed Aluminum Heat Exchanger Specifications 9-26
Mechanical 9-26
Thermodynamic 9-26
Two-Phase Flow, Design Considerations for 9-26
Plate Frame Heat Exchangers 9-31
Fully Welded Plate Heat Exchangers 9-33
Advantages 9-33
Applications 9-33
Disadvantages 9-33
Materials of Construction 9-34
Temperature and Pressure Ratings 9-34
Gasketed Plate Heat Exchangers 9-31
Advantages 9-32
Applications 9-32
Disadvantages 9-32
Fouling Factors 9-33
Materials of Construction 9-32
Maximum Pressure and Temperature Ratings 9-32
Size Limitations 9-33
Semi-Welded Plate Heat Exchangers 9-34
Advantages 9-34
Applications 9-34
Disadvantages 9-34
Materials of Construction 9-35
Temperature and Pressure Ratings 9-35
Printed Circuit Heat Exchangers 9-35
Applications 9-36
Design 9-36
General 9-35
Reboilers and Vaporizers 9-12
Effective Temperature Difference 9-12
Hydraulic Effects 9-12
The "Pool Boiling Curve" 9-12
Reboilers, Types of 9-13
"Once-through" 9-13
"Pump-through" 9-14
Recirculating Thermosyphon 9-13
Type Selection 9-14
Requirements, Estimated 21-16
Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers 9-2
Effective Temperature Difference 9-2
Enhanced Surface Tubing 9-18
Film Resistances 9-6
Fouling Resistances 9-2
Metal Resistance for Plain Tubes 9-2
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
9-2
Performance Evaluation With Sensible Heat Transfer 9-6
With Non-Linear Behavior 9-2
Tank Heaters 9-20
Internal Pipe Coils 9-21
Internal Prefabricated Tank Heaters 9-20
Prefabricated Stab-in Tube Bundle 9-21
Simplified Tank Coil Calculation Method
9-21
Tank Suction Heaters 9-21
Wall Mounted Coils or Panels 9-20
Heat Flow Through Insulation, Example of 6-14
Heating Value (Heat of Combustion) 1-5
Heat Medium (Heating Medium) 1-5
Heat Medium Systems 18-5
Heat of Dissociation of Sulfur Vapor Species 22-28
Heat Pumping 19-29
Heat Transfer
Conduction 8-2
Convection 8-4

---

xiv
Heat Transfer Fluids, Properties of 18-6
Heavy Ends 1-5
Hertz 18-3
Hexanes Plus (or Heptanes Plus) 1-5
High Pressure Cylinder with Double-Acting Piston and Tail-Rod 13-
12
High Speed Drives, Design Factors for 15-26
Horizontal Filter-Separator 7-37
Horizontal Flow 
Regime Map 17-17
Vane Gas-Liquid Separator (In-Line) 7-19
Vane Gas-Liquid Separators 7-19
Horizontal Gas-Liquid-Liquid Separator, Example 7-35
Horizontal Gas-Liquid Separators
Comparison Chart 7-16
No Internals 7-20
With Mesh Pad or Vane Pack 7-20
With Hanging Mesh Pad 7-21
With Vertical Mesh Pad (Horizontal Flow) 7-21
With Vertical Vane Pack (Horizontal Flow) 7-21
Horizontal Multi-Stage Pump 12-9
Horizontal Separator Configurations 7-20
Horizontal Single Stage Process Pump 12-8
Horizontal Thermosyphon Reboiler 19-24
Horizontal Vessel Inlet Devices 7-24
Horsepower Determination, Approximate 13-27
Horsepower Required to Compress Gases 13-8
Hortonsphere Vessels for Liquid Storage 6-18
Hot Gas Bypass 14-1
Hot Oil System 8-37
HPRT 12-2
HP to LP Pressure Ratios 13-47
HTU vs. Gas Density for Various Structured Packings 20-36
Humid Air Ideal Density 8-13
Humid Air Ideal Specific Gravity 8-14
Hybrid Solvent Gas Treating Processes 21-20
Hydrate 1-5
Hydrate Chart for Gases Containing H
2
S 20-16
Hydrates in Natural Gas Systems 20-9
Hydrate Inhibition 20-17
Hydrate Prediction Based on Composition for Sweet Gases 20-11
Hydrate Predictions for High CO
2
/H
2
S Content Gases 20-16
Inhibition with Electrolytes 20-29
Low Dosage Hydrate Inhibitors (LDHIs) 20-29
AAs Compared to Methanol or Glycols 20-30
AA Screening Considerations 20-30
Antiagglomerant (AA) Inhibitors 20-30
KHIs Compared to Methanol or Glycols 20-29
KHI Screening Considerations 20-30
Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitors 20-29
Sweet Natural Gas Hydrate Conditions, Prediction of 20-11
Hydraulic Turbines 12-20
Types of HPRTs 12-20
Applications 12-20
Power Recovered by HPRTs 12-20
Hydrocarbon Fluid Densities 23-17
Hydrocarbon Gas Viscosity 23-34
Hydrocarbon Gases, Heat-Capacity Ratios of 13-7
Hydrocarbon Liquids, Viscosities of 23-31
Hydrocarbon Recovery 16-1
Avoiding Common Operating Problems 16-22
Dew Point Control 16-3
Enhanced Oil Recovery 16-35
CO
2
-Ethane Separation 16-36
CO
2
Processing for EOR 16-35
Overall Process Configuration
16-38
Separation of CO
2
and Methane 16-36
Ethane Recovery
Example Comparison of Ethane Recovery Designs 16-19
GSP Design for Ethane Recovery 16-19
Ethane Recovery Processes 16-16
Fractionation Considerations 16-25
Gas Composition 16-1
Introduction 16-1
J-T Expansion 16-15
Process Flow 16-15
Lean Oil Absorption 16-11
Process Considerations 16-11
Refrigerated Lean Oil 16-11
Licensed NGL Recovery Processes 16-19
IOR
®
and SCORE
®
Propane Recovery Processes 16-21
IPSI Enhanced NGL Recovery Process 16-21
LPG-MAX
SM
Process 16-21
NGL-MAX
SM
High Ethane Recovery Process 16-21
RSV
®
High Ethane Recovery Process 16-21
Liquefied Natural Gas Production 16-26
Cascade Refrigeration 16-26
Dual Mixed Refrigerant Cycle Processes 16-28
Mixed Refrigerant Processes 16-26
Precooled Mixed Refrigerant Process 16-26
Precooled with Nitrogen Cycle Liquefaction Process 16-28
Turboexpander Based Process 16-28
Low Temperature NGL Recovery Processes 16-12
Propane Plus NGL Recovery Compared to Ethane Plus NGL 
Recovery 16-12
Nitrogen Rejection 16-33
Cryogenic Technology 16-33
New Technology 16-34
Recovery Efficiencies
16-34
Propane Recovery Processes 16-16
Example Comparison for Propane Recovery Designs 16-16
GSP Design for Propane Recovery 16-16
Improved Open Art Propane Recovery Processes 16-16
Solids Formation 16-28
Straight Refrigeration 16-8
IPOR
SM
Process 16-10
Refrigeration Process Alternatives 16-8
Turboexpander Processing 16-15
Conventional Process 16-16
Hydrocarbons 14-10
Hydrocarbon Treating, Emerging Technologies in
Compact Amine Processes 21-35
Controlled-Freeze Zone
®
(CFZ
®
) Process 21-35
CryoCell
®
Process 21-35
Fast Cycle Pressure Swing Adsorption 21-35
Membranes for CO
2
Removal from Liquid Ethane 21-35
Hydrocarbon Treating 21-1
Acid Gas Injection 21-30
Alkaline Salt Process (Hot Carbonate) 21-21
Benfield
®
Process 21-22
Catacarb
®
Process 21-23
Hi-Pure
®
Process 21-22
Single Split Process 21-21
Single Stage Process 21-21
Two Stage Process 21-21
Batch and Cyclic Processes 21-25
Adsorption Processes 21-26
Scavenger Processes 21-25

---

xv
Biological Processes 21-29
Caustic Wash 21-18
Chemical Solvent Processes 21-6
Acid Gas Enrichment (AGE) 21-14
Activated Tertiary Amines 21-7
Amine Process Flow Configuration
21-7
Aqueous Alkanolamine Processes 21-6
Diisopropanolamine (DIPA) 21-13
Formulated Solvents & Mixed Amines 21-13
Primary and Secondary Amines 21-6
Sterically Hindered Amines 21-14
Tertiary Amines 21-6
Triethanolamine (TEA) 21-13
Contaminants, Types of 21-2
Definitions of Words and Phrases Used in Hydrocarbon Treating
21-1
Emerging Technologies 21-35
Compact Amine Processes 21-35
Controlled-Freeze Zone
®
(CFZ
®
) Process 21-35
CryoCell
®
Process 21-35
Fast Cycle Pressure Swing Adsorption 21-35
Membranes for CO
2
Removal from Liquid Ethane 21-35
Equilibrium Data for Amine-Sour Gas Systems 21-16
Gas Pretreating 21-2
Hydrocarbon Dewpoint Control 21-3
Inlet Separation 21-2
Oxygen Contamination 21-3
Gas Treating Process Options 21-4
General Considerations for Solvent Process 21-23
Corrosion 21-23
Flash Tank (Drum) 21-23
Foaming 21-24
Materials 21-25
Solution Filtration 21-23
Vented Regenerator (Aromatics Impact) 21-23
Hybrid Solvent Processes 21-20
Selefining
21-21
Sulfinol
21-20
Liquid Hydrocarbon Treating Processes 21-30, 21-32
Merichem
®
21-33
Merox
®
21-33
Molecular Sieve 21-32
Perco Solid Copper Chloride Sweetening 21-33
Regenerative Caustic 21-32
Solid Potassium Hydroxide 21-33
Liquid/Liquid Treating 21-30
Carbonyl Sulfide Removal
21-32
Counterflow Contact Towers
21-30
Hydrogen Sulfide & Carbon Dioxide Removal
21-31
Mercaptan Treating 21-32
Minimizing Amine Losses 21-31
Mixing 21-30
Sulfur Removal 21-32
Treated Product Clean-up 21-30
Liquid Phase Claus Reaction Processes 21-28
Liquid Redox Processes 21-27
Iron Chelate Processes 21-28
Lo-Cat IIR 21-28
Stretford Process 21-28
SulFerox
®
21-28
Sulfint-HP
®
21-28
Membrane Separation Process
Bulk Fractionation 21-30
Highly Sour Gas Pretreatment Processes 21-29
SPREX 21-30
Mercury Removal 21-3
Calgon HGR 21-4
CMG 271 and 273 21-4
Desorex 21-4
HgSIV 21-4
Organic Mercury Removal 21-4
Puraspec 21-4
Non-Regenerative Treating 21-34
Caustic Wash 21-34
Offshore Design Considerations 21-34
Physical Solvent Processes 21-18
Fluor Solvent 21-19
Ifpex-2 Process 21-19
Morphysorb 21-20
Purisol 21-20
Rectisol Process 21-19
Selexol 21-19
Process Selection 21-30
Safety Precautions 21-2
Hydrogen Sulfide
21-2
Solubility Limits of Hydrocarbons in Amine Solutions 21-17
Overall Solubility Trends 21-17
Hydrofluorocarbons 14-7
High Presssure 14-10
Hydrogen Sulfide & Carbon Dioxide Removal 21-31
Hyperbolic Natural Draft Tower 11-14
Hysteresis 4-3
I/O Devices 4-3
I/P Transducer 4-3
ICFM to SCFM 13-23
Ideal-Gas-State Enthalpy of Petroleum Fractions 24-8
Ideal-Gas-State Enthalpy of Pure Components 24-6, 24-7
Ideal Brayton Cycle Available Energy 15-11
Ideal Gas (also called "Perfect" Gas) 1-5, 24-1
Ideal Gas State Entropy of Pure Components 24-13
IFPEX-1
®
Dehydration Process Flow Diagram 20-50
Immiscible 1-5
Impedance 18-3
Impeller 12-2
Incinerator Residence Time and Required Temperature, Relationship
22-12
Increase Firetube Heat Transfer, Methods to 8-36
Indicator Diagram for Three Load Points of Operation 13-14
Indirect Fired Heater 8-34
Indirect Fired Water Bath Heater 8-29
Induced Draft 11-2
Induction Generators, Types of 15-20
Industrial Network Overview 4-32
Network Project Implementation and Design Considerations 4-33
Network Security 4-34
Inert Gas Generators 8-39
Inerts 1-5
Inlet Device Performance 7-25
Inlet Loss Correction Factor 15-14
Inlet Valve Unloader 13-14
In Sight From (Within Sight From, Within Sight) 18-3
Instruments: Installation, Troubleshooting, and Calibration of 4-26
Instrument Air System Example 18-7
Instrument Air Systems 18-5
Instrumentation 4-1

---

xvi
Analytical Instruments 4-29
Continuous Analyzers 4-29
Cyclic Analyzers 4-29
System Control Diagram 4-29
Computer Systems 4-28
Analog Computers 4-28
Digital Computers 4-28
Microcomputers 4-29
Minicomputers 4-29
Process Input/Output Equipment 4-29
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) 4-29
Control Concepts 4-16
Control Loops 4-16
Closed Loop 4-17
Feedback Control 4-17
Feedforward Control 4-17
Open Loop 4-16
Control Modes and Controllers 4-17
Controller Tuning 4-19
Control Mode Considerations 4-20
Direct and Reverse Acting Controllers 4-18
Offset 4-18
Proportional, Integral, and Derivative Control Modes 4-17
Proportional Mode (P) 4-18
Proportional Plus Derivative Mode (PD) 4-18
Proportional Plus Integral Mode (PI) 4-18
Proportional Plus Integral Plus Derivative Mode (PID) 4-19
Two-Position (on-off) Controllers 4-17
Ziegler-Nichols Method 4-19
Control Valves 4-21
Control-Valve Actuators 4-22
Control-Valve Bodies 4-22
Discussion of Flow Characteristics and Valve Selection 4-22
Definitions of Words and Phrases Used in Instrumentation 4-2
Digital First-Level Control Systems 4-31
Direct Digital Controllers (DDC) 4-32
Distributed Control Systems (DCS) 4-32
Fieldbus 4-32
Individual Controllers 4-31
Electronic Power Supplies 4-4
Power Outages and Interruptions 4-7
Power Supply Specifications
4-7
Uninterruptible Power Supplies 4-7
Embedded Advanced Control 4-21
Fundamentals of Control Valve Sizing and Noise Prediction 4-23
Gas Service 4-23
Aerodynamic Noise Prediction 4-23
Critical Pressure Drop 4-23
Sizing Calculation Procedure 4-23
Liquid Service 4-24
Cavitation 4-24
Flashing 4-24
Sizing Calculation Procedure 4-25
Sizing Information 4-24
General Instrumentation Considerations 4-4
Identification
4-4
Type Selection 4-4
Industrial Network Overview 4-32
Network Project Implementation and Design Considerations
4-33
Network Security 4-34
Topology and Cable Hierarchy 4-33
Installation, Troubleshooting, and Calibration 4-26
Calibration 4-28
Differential Pressure Transmitters 4-28
Pressure Transmitters 4-28
Temperature Transmitters 4-28
Failed Systems 4-26
Installation and Troubleshooting 4-26
Poorly Commissioned Systems 4-27
Poor Performance 4-27
Pneumatic Power Supplies 4-4
Recorders and Indicators 4-16
Indicators 4-16
Digital Type 4-16
Electronic Analog Type 4-16
Mechanical Type 4-16
Recorders 4-16
Safety Instrumented System (SIS) Overview 4-30
Design and Project Considerations 4-31
Layers of Protection 4-30
Sensing Devices 4-8
Coriolis Mass Flow Meter 4-14
Electrical Pressure Transducers 4-9
Electromagnetic Flowmeter 4-13
Flow Sensors 4-13
Positive Displacement Meters 4-13
Turbine Meters 4-13
Variable Area Flow Meters 4-13
Level Sensors 4-10
Capacitance Probes 4-11
Chain and Tape Float Gauges 4-10
Displacer Level Measuring Device 4-10
Electrical Type Level Gauges and Switches 4-10
Gauge Glass 4-10
Guided Wave Radar Level Transmitter 4-12
Head-pressure Level Gauges 4-10
Lever and Shaft Float Gauges 4-10
Magnetostrictive Level Transmitter 4-11
Other Methods 4-12
Pressure Sensors 4-8
Bellows 4-9
Bourdon Tubes 4-8
Diaphragm 4-9
Manometer 4-8
Temperature Sensors 4-12
Bimetallic 4-13
Filled System 4-13
Glass Stem 4-13
Resistance 4-12
Thermocouples 4-12
Ultrasonic Flow Meters 4-13
Signal Transmitters 4-14
Electronic 4-14
Pneumatic 4-14
Signal Converters 4-16
Electric Dignal Converters 4-16
Electronic-to-Pneumatic 4-16
Frequency Converters 4-16
Isolators 4-16
Pneumatic-to-Electronic 4-16
Smart Transmitters and Devices 4-14
Connection Methods 4-15
Four-wire Transmitters 4-15
Three-wire Transmitters 4-15
Two-wire Transmitters 4-15
Wireless Transmitters and Devices 4-15
Instrumentation Symbols 4-5, 4-6

---

xvii
Instrumentation Symbols and Identification 4-4
Calibration 4-28
Differential Pressure Transmitters 4-28
Pressure Transmitters 4-28
Temperature Transmitters 4-28
Failed Systems 4-26
Installation and Troubleshooting 4-26
Poorly Commissioned Systems 4-27
Poor Performance 4-27
Insulation, Storage Tanks 6-11
Condensation 6-11
Conservation of Energy 6-11
Personnel Protection 6-11
Process Temperature Control 6-11
Types 6-11
Uses 6-11
Integral (Reset) Control 4-3
Integral (Reset) Time 4-3
Integral Engine Compressor 13-5
Integrally Geared Compressors 13-41
Integral Wind-up/Wind-down 4-3
Integrated Natural Gas Desulfurization, Example of 21-27
Integrated Steam System 18-5
Intermediate Feed Nozzle Applications 19-26
Intermediate Feed Nozzle Arrangements 19-26
Internal Combustion Engines, Types of 15-21
Internal Floating Roof Tank 6-6
Internal Recirculation Design 10-5
Interrupting Rating 18-3
Intrinsically Safe 4-3, 18-3
Ion-Exchange Bed 18-16
Ion-Exchange Processes 18-16
Ions, Anions, Cations 18-3
IOR
®
Propane Recovery Process 16-20
IPORSM Process 16-10
IPSI Enhanced NGL Recovery Process 16-22
Irreversibility 24-1
Isenthalpic Blowdown Paths, Sample 24-16
Isobutane 1-5
Isothermal Flow 17-4
J-T Process for Propane Recovery 16-13
J-T Process with Mechanical Refrigeration Recovery 16-13
Jacket Water 1-5
Jet Pump Configuration 13-47
Joule-Thomson Effect 1-5
Journal and Thrust Bearing Assembly 13-31
Kent-Eisenburg 25-11
Kettle Reboiler 9-13
Arrangement 19-24
Knock Out Drum 7-2
Koch-Glitsch 19-8
Langelier Scaling Index (LSI) 18-3
Lead Acetate Test 1-5
Lean Amine Charge Pump 12-21
Lean Gas 1-5
Lean Oil 1-5
Least Terminal Temperature Difference (LTTD) 9-2
Level Distances for a Vertical Vessel 7-30
Level Heights and Surge Volumes 7-28
Li and Mather 25-11
Licensed NGL Recovery Processes 16-19
IOR
®
and SCORE
®
Propane Recovery Processes 16-21
IPSI Enhanced NGL Recovery Process 16-21
LPG-MAX
SM
Recovery Process 16-21
NGL-MAX
SM
High Ethane Recovery Process 16-21
RSV
®
High Ethane Recovery Process 16-21
Lift Gas 1-5
Light Ends 1-5
Light Hydrocarbons
High-Temperature Vapor Pressures 23-30
Line Drip Example 17-21
Line Drop 7-2
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) 16-26
Liquefied Natural Gas Production 16-26
Cascade Refrigeration 16-26
Cascade Refrigeration Process 16-26
Dual Mixed Refrigerant Cycle Processes 16-28
Mixed Refrigerant Process 16-26
Precooled Mixed Refrigerant Process 16-26
Precooled with Nitrogen Cycle Liquefaction Process 16-28
Turboexpander Based Process 16-28
Liquefied Petroleum Gases, Specifications for 2-5
Liquid-Liquid and Gas-Liquid-Liquid Separators, Types of 7-21
Mesh Followed by Plate Pack 7-22
Mesh Followed by Plate Pack, and with a Secondary Mesh Polishing 
Media Downstream of the Plate Pack 7-22
Liquid-Liquid Coalescers 7-41
Liquid-Liquid Separators 7-2
Liquid-Liquid Separator Selection 7-16
Liquid-to-Gas Ratio 11-2
Liquid Coalescer 7-2
Liquid Coalescer Vessel 7-2
Liquid Film Shaft Seal with Cylindrical Bushing 13-34
Liquid Film Shaft Seal with Pumping Bushing 13-34
Liquid Flow Equations 4-26
Liquid Holdup Correlation 17-19
Liquid Hydrocarbon Treating Processes 21-30, 21-32
Molecular Sieve 21-32
Regenerative Caustic 21-32
Liquid Measurement 3-17
Liquid Refrigerant Receiver 14-1
Liquid Storage Systems 6-17
Accessories 6-18
Capacities 6-18
Desirability of Large Units 6-17
Gaging Table 6-18
Liquid Sulfur
Density 22-18
Liquid Sulfur, 
Thermal Conductivity of 22-19
Liquid Valve Sizing Equations 4-26
Liquid Volume Fraction Calculation 23-9
Lithium Bromide-Water Refrigeration System 14-28
LMTD Correction Factor 9-4
1 shell passes; 2 or more tube passes 9-4
2 shell passes; 4 or more tube passes 9-4
3 shell passes; 6 or more tube passes 9-5
4 shell passes; 8 or more tube passes 9-5
LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) 1-5, 2-6
LNG Problem Compounds 16-33

---

xviii
LNG Product Specifications 2-6
Loading rack 1-5
Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) 9-2
Low-Molecular-Weight Natural Gases, Compressibility of 23-13
Low-Temperature Separation System with Glycol Injection and 
Condensate Stabilization 16-5
Low-Temperature Separation Unit 16-4
Low Pressure Cylinder with Double-Acting Piston 13-12
Low Pressure Gas Flow 17-7
Low Pressure Retrograde Condensation Dew Point Curves 16-3
Low Sheet of an Ammonia Absorption System 14-28
Low Temperature NGL Recovery Processes 16-12
Propane Plus NGL Recovery Compared to Ethane Plus NGL 
Recovery 16-12
Low Temperature Pumps 12-19
External Motor Type 12-19
Submerged Motor Type 12-19
Low Temperature Specifications 6-15
LP-Gas (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) 1-1, 1-3, 1-5–1-6, 1-8, 2-2, 2-4, 2-6–
2-7
LPG-MAX
SM
Propane Recovery Process 16-23
LPG Specification Parameters 2-2
Moisture Content
Valve Freeze Method 2-2
Non-Specification Contaminants 2-6
Non-Volatile Residue 2-6
Odorization 2-6
Sulfur Content 2-2
Vapor Pressure 2-2
Volatile Residue 2-5
LPG Water Wash Schematic 21-32
LRG (Liquefied Refinery Gas) 1-5
LTX (Low Temperature Extraction Unit) 1-5
Lube Oil Schematic 13-51
Manometers, Types of 4-8
Mass Flow to Inlet Volume Flow 13-24
Materials of Storage Tank Construction 6-11
Metallic 6-11
Non-Metallic 6-11
Mcf 1-5
Measurement 3-1
Flare Measurement 3-22
Flow Calculation Guide 3-3
Gas Measurement 3-3
Calibration of the UM 3-16
Coriolis Meters 3-16
Gas Orifice Calculations
3-9
Orifice-Meter Measurement
3-3
Dual-Chamber Orifice Fitting 3-3
Flow Conditioners 3-5
Meter Tubes 3-5
Orifice Flanges 3-3
Orifice Plates 3-5
Single Chamber Orifice Fitting 3-3
Orifice Well Test
3-10
Ultrasonic Measurement 3-15
UM Meter Maintenance and Verification
3-16
UM Meter Tube and Approach Piping Considerations 3-15
Volume Calculations 3-15
Liquid Measurement 3-17
Coriolis Meters 3-19
Density Measurement 3-20
Displacement Meters 3-18
Mass Meters 3-19
Meter Proving 3-20
Meter Proving Reports 3-21
Meter Proving Systems 3-20
Turbine and Displacement Meter Selection and Performance
3-18
Turbine Meters 3-17
Volumetric Measurement Meters (Orifice Meters)
3-17
Orifice Flow Rate 3-17
Miscellaneous Measurement Devices 3-27
Pitot 3-27
Vortex 3-27
Natural Gas and Natural Gas Liquid Chromatography 3-31
Calibration and Verification
3-34
Carrier Gas 3-32
Column Selection 3-33
Detectors 3-33
Integration and Data Handling 3-34
Introduction 3-31
Maintenance and Troubleshooting 3-35
Product Stream and Components of Interest 3-32
Purchasing the System 3-34
Safety Considerations 3-34
Sample Preparation and Introduction 3-32
The Analytical Method 3-32
Training and Follow Up 3-35
Natural Gas Liquid Sampling 3-27, 3-29
Utilizing Floating Piston Cylinders 3-29
Steam Measurement 3-22
Measurement Devices, Miscellaneous 3-27
Mechanical (Contact) Shaft Seal 13-32
Mechanical Draft Coil Shed Tower 11-14
Mechanical Draft Cooling Towers 11-13
Mechanical Drive Steam Turbines 15-1
Condensing or Non-condensing Exhausts 15-1
Extraction or Admission 15-1
Impulse or Reaction 15-1
Single-stage or Multi-stage 15-1
Mechanical Forced Draft Counterflow Tower 11-13
Mechanical Indicators 4-16
Mechanical Induced Draft Counterflow Tower 11-13
Mechanical Induced Draft Cross Flow Tower 11-13
Mechanical Losses, Chart 13-28
Mechanical Refrigerant System, Troubleshooting 14-25
Mechanical Refrigeration 14-2
Chillers 14-24
Kettle Type 14-24
Plate-Fin 14-24
Condensing Temperature 14-6
Considerations for Vacuum Refrigeration Systems 14-10
Materials of Construction 14-11
Refrigerant Purity 14-11
Seal Gas and Lube Oil System 14-11
Design and Operating Considerations 14-8
Liquid Surge and Storage 14-9
Oil Removal 14-8
Vacuum Systems 14-10
Freon (CFC) Refrigerant Phase Out 14-7
Hydrofluorocarbons
14-7
Horsepower and Condenser Duty Estimation 14-8
One-Stage Systems 14-8
Three-Stage Systems 14-8

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xix
Heat Exchanger Economizing 14-8
Two-Stage Systems 14-8
Mixed Refrigerants 14-23
Refrigerant Cascading 14-7
Refrigerant For Reboiling 14-7
Refrigerant Properties 14-7
Refrigerant Subcooling 14-6
Refrigerant System, Troubleshooting 14-25
Refrigeration Cycle 14-2
Compression Step 14-2
Condensation Step 14-2
Evaporation Step 14-2
Expansion Step 14-2
System Pressure Drop 14-3
Refrigeration Stages 14-3
One-Stage System 14-3
System Configuration
14-3
Three-Stage System 14-3
Two-Stage System 14-3
System Controls 14-24
Evaporator Temperature 14-25
Level Controls 14-24
Low Ambient Controls 14-25
Pressure Controls 14-25
Mehra 14-6
Mercaptan 1-5, 21-1
Mercury Removal Bed, Example 21-4
Metal Temperatures, Minimum Recommended 8-18
Methane Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram 8-30
Methane, Vapor-Solid Equilibrium Constants for 20-12
Methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) 21-13
Miscible Flood 1-5
Mist Eliminator 7-2
Mixed Refrigerant Liquefaction Process 16-27
MMcf 1-5
Molar Heat of Condensation of S
6
and S
8
22-28
Mole(s) 24-1
Mole Sieve Dehydrator 20-46
Motor-Circuit Switch 18-3
Motor Control Center 18-3
Motor Enclosures, Types of 15-19
Explosion-Proof 15-20
Totally Enclosed Fan Cooled (TEFC) 15-20
Totally Enclosed Forced Ventilated (TEFV) 15-20
Totally Enclosed Water- to Air-Cooled (TEWAC) 15-20
Motor Feeder and Branch Circuits 18-30
MTD Correction Factors 10-8
4 shell passes; 8 or more tube passes 10-8, 10-9
Multi-Stage Compression Path with Interstage Cooling and Recycle, 
Sample 24-17
Multi-Valve Inlet 15-4
Multi-Valve, Multi-Stage Condensing Turbines, Basic Efficiency of
15-5
Multiphase Pumps 12-19
Multiple Heat Exchanger 9-20
N-Butane, Vapor-Solid Equilibrium Constants for 20-14
National Electrical Code (NEC) 4-4, 18-23
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) 4-7
Natural-Circulation Reboiler Arrangements 19-21
Natural Draft Cooling Towers 11-14
Natural Draft Profiles 8-24
Natural Gas 1-6
Natural Gas and Natural Gas Liquid Chromatography 3-31
Natural Gas Liquid Sampling 3-27, 3-29
Natural Gasoline 1-6
Natural Gas Processing Plant 1-6
Natural Gas Streams 24-5
Influence of Pressure on Enthalpy 24-5
NEMA Enclosures 18-36
Net Effect Volume 11-2
Newton's Law of Cooling 8-4
NGL (Natural Gas Liquid) 1-1, 1-6
NGL-MAXSM Ethane Recovery Process 16-24
Nine-stage Cascade Liquefaction Process 16-25
Nitrogen Rejection
Cryogenic Technology 16-33
Recovery Efficiencies 16-34
Nitrogen Rejection Flow Diagram 16-33
Noise 4-3
Nomograph, Performance Characteristics 11-12
NPSHA 12-2
NPSHR 12-2
NYE TRAY Schematic 19-15
Odorant 1-6
Offset 4-3
Oil-well Gas 1-6
Oil Reclaimer 14-23
Oil Treatment Separators 7-45
Oliphant Formula 17-10
On-stream Factor 1-6
Once-Through Cooling Water Systems 18-21
Once-Through Reboiler with Bottom Tray Feed 9-13
One-Stage Refrigeration System 14-3
Open Cooling Water Systems 18-19
Operating Envelope, Example of 7-44
Operating Factor 1-6
Operational Aspects of the Claus Plant 22-32
Optimum Generally Attainable Efficiency Chart 12-12
Options to Improve Thermal Efficiency 8-26
Add Convection Surface 8-26
Add Economizer for Waste Heat Recovery 8-27
Install Air Preheat System 8-27
Orifice Meter Installation Requirements, without Flow Conditioner, 
Test Set-up 3-15
Orifice Plate Holders, Examples of 3-7
Outage 1-6
Outlet 18-3
Overall Boiling Heat Flux Ranges 9-12
Overall Unit Efficiency (OEE) 18-37
Overcurrent 18-3
Overhead Recycle Process for Propane Recovery 16-17
Overload 18-3
Oxides of Nitrogen (NO
x
) 15-15
Oxidizers 8-38
P-H Charts, Uses for 24-3
Package-Type Sulfur Plant, Example of 22-3
Packaged Unit 1-6
Packed Column 1-6
Packed Column Internals 19-20

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xx
Packed Column Pressure Drop Correlation 19-18
Packing Depths 19-19
Packing Size on HETP, Effect of 19-20
Packing, Types of 19-16
Pall Corporation 7-41
Panelboard 18-3
Panhandle A Equation 17-6, 17-7
Panhandle B Equation 17-7
Panhandle Eastern Pipe Line Company 17-6
Paraffin Hydrocarbon Gases at One Atmosphere, Viscosity of 23-33
Paraffinic Hydrocarbon Mixtures, Specific Gravity of 23-22
Parallel Data 4-3
Parallel Pumps Selection 12-14