Encyclopedia of Islam



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Further reading: Talat Halman, ed., Yunus Emre and 

His Mystical Poetry (Bloomington: Indiana University 

Turkish Studies, 1981); Grace Martin Smith, The Poetry 



of Yunus Emre, a Turkish Sufi Poet (Berkeley and Los 

Angeles, University of California Press, 1993).



Yusuf

  See j

oseph

.

Yusuf



  

717  J


718

AF

J:



zahir

  See 



batin



tafsir

.

zakat

  See

almsgiving

.

Zamzam

A feature of many sacred places and pilgrimage 

centers is the water source. Practically, it provides 

water for the people and 

animals


 who reside in 

or frequent the site. However, the water from 

this source is also used in ritual activity, such as 

performing 

ablUtions

 and other purification rites. 

Often, its significance is woven into the mythol-

ogy and sacred history of the site. For Muslims 

the most sacred water source is the well known 

as Zamzam. It is situated within the courtyard 

of the Sacred Mosque in m

ecca


, near the corner 

of the k


aaba

, which contains the b

lack

  s


tone

.

Pilgrims performing the 



haJJ

 and 


umra

 (the lesser 

pilgrimage) customarily drink water from the 

well, although this is not a required part of pil-

grimage rituals. Those who do that believe the 

water is full of blessings (



baraka

) and has healing 

power. Many take vials of Zamzam water home 

with them, or they soak cloth in it that will be 

used as burial shrouds. It is also mixed with 

rosewater and used in the ritual cleansing of the 

Kaaba twice each year, during r

amadan


 and dur-

ing the hajj season.

The source of the water for Zamzam is subter-

ranean runoff from the sporadic rains that come 

between October and March. Since Mecca is 

located at the low point of a narrow valley, water 

collects in the aquifer about 90 feet below the 

surface that feeds the well through springs. With-

out this vital source, and other wells in the area, 

the town would not have flourished through the 

centuries as it has. Zamzam’s importance, how-

ever, is also recognized and magnified in Islamic 

traditional literature. Although never mentioned 

in the q


Uran

, other early Islamic lore, such as 

Ibn Ishaq’s Sira, an early 

biography

 of m

Uhammad


(written in the eighth century), explains that the 

well originated in the days of a

braham

, when he 



left  h

agar


 and Ishmael, his wife and son, there. 

(He would later return to join his son in build-

ing the Kaaba.) Ishmael, perhaps an infant at the 

time, thirsted for water. Hagar left him and went 

to search of it, praying and running in despera-

tion—an event commemorated whenever pilgrims 

“run” between the hills of Safa and Marwa next to 

the Sacred Mosque during the hajj and umra. At 

last Hagar’s prayers were answered and the water 

Z



came forth from the earth beneath her son. Some 

accounts say that it was the 

angel

  g


abriel

 who 


actually opened the well head. In time, the well 

fell into disuse and was forgotten. According to 

Muslim accounts, Zamzam was rediscovered by 

Muhammad’s grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib, who 

found precious golden objects and weapons in it. 

These were removed and the well was reopened 

for use by pilgrims. Providing water and food 

to pilgrims, a prestigious service, remained the 

monopoly of Muhammad’s family for generations 

thereafter. In later centuries it became a lucrative 

business for the Zamzamis, a class of water carri-

ers who served the needs of pilgrims.

Today Zamzam is no longer a well in the tra-

ditional meaning of the word. The government 

of s

aUdi


 a

rabia


 has been engaged in significant 

renovation and expansion projects through-

out the Haram area, including Zamzam. It has 

installed pumps, filtering systems, and public 

taps to make sure that Zamzam water is potable 

and that it is readily available to the millions of 

pilgrims who come to Mecca each year. Zamzam 

water is bottled and distributed to pilgrims, 

and there are even free Zamzam water dispens-

ers and public faucets at convenient locations 

in and around the Sacred Mosque. To monitor 

these efforts and help conserve the water sup-

ply, a Zamzam Studies and Research Center was 

recently created under royal decree within the 

Saudi Geological Survey.

Zamzam has also taken on modern commer-

cial and political significance. In 2002 an Iranian 

soft drink company began to market a beverage 

called Zamzam Cola. It became a popular drink 

that year, especially among pilgrims in Mecca, 

as an alternative to Pepsi and Coca-Cola. At the 

time, many Muslims boycotted these drinks to 

protest Israeli attacks against Palestinians and 

the anticipated U.S. and British invasion of i

raq

,

which occurred in March 2003. In Saudi Arabia, 



the government consulted with religious authori-

ties and decided to ban the import of the drink 

because it felt that the commercial use of the 

name  zamzam was improper. The Iranian com-

pany continues to produce the beverage, how-

ever, and has distributed it as far away as Great 

Britain.


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