Encyclopedia of Islam

Further reading: Kamran Scot Aghaie, ed., The Women 

of Karbala: Ritual Performance and Symbolic Discourses 

in Modern Shii Islam (Austin: University of Texas Press, 

2005); Said Amir Arjomand, The Shadow of God and the 

Hidden Imam: Religion, Political Order, and Societal Change 

in Shiite Iran from the Beginning to 1890 (Chicago: Uni-

versity of Chicago Press, 1987); William C. Chittick, ed., 

A Shiite Anthology (Albany: State University of New York 

Press, 1981); Heinz Halm, Shia Islam: From Religion to 

Twelve-Imam Shiism

  

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Revolution (Princeton, N.J.: Markus Wiener Publishers, 

1997); S.H.M. Jafri, The Origins and Early Development 

of Shia Islam (London: Longman, 1979); Etan Kohlberg, 

ed.,  Shiism (Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate, 2003); Reinhold 

Loeffler,  Islam in Practice: Religious Beliefs in a Persian 

Village (Albany: State University of New York Press, 

1988); Mansoor Moaddel, “Shia Islamic Societies.” In 

The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions, edited by Mark 

Juergensmeyer, 447–463 (Oxford: Oxford University 

Press, 2006); Moojan Momen, An Introduction to Shii 

Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shiism (New 

Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1985); Yitzhak 

Nakash, The Shiis of Iraq (1994. Reprint, Princeton, N.J.: 

Princeton University Press, 2003); Sayyed Hossein Nasr, 

Hamid Dabashi, and Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr, eds., Shi-

ism: Doctrines, Thought, and Spirituality (Albany: State 

University of New York Press, 1988); Vali Nasr, The Shia 

Revival: How Conflicts within Islam Will Shape the Future

(New York: W.W. Norton, 2007); David Pinault, The 

Shuites: Ritual and Popular Piety in a Muslim Community

(New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992).

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