Encyclopedia of Islam

Further reading: Heribert Busse, “The Revival of Per-

sian Kingship under the Buyids.” In Islamic Civilization 

950–1150, edited by D. S. Richards, 47–69 (London: 

Bruno Cassirer, 1973); Carole Hillenbrand, “Islamic 

Orthodoxy or Realpolitik? Al-Ghazali’s Views on Gov-

ernment,” Iran: Journal of the British Institute of Persian 

Studies 26 (1988): 81–94; Ann Lambton, State and Gov-

ernment in Medieval Islam (Oxford: Oxford University 

Press, 1981); Roy Mottahedeh, Loyalty and Leadership 

in an Early Islamic Society (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton 

University Press, 1980); Nizam al-Mulk, The Book of 

Government or Rules for Kings (Siyasat-namah or Siyar 

al-muluk). Translated by Hubert Drake (New Haven, 

Conn.: Yale University Press, 1960).