Encyclopedia of Islam

Further reading: Hamid Algar, Religion and State in 

Iran: 1795–1906 (Berkeley: University of California 

Press, 1969); A. K. S. Lambton, Qajar Persia (London: 

I.B. Tauris, 1987); Hasan-e Fasai, History of Persia under 

Qajar Rule. Translated by Heribert Busse (New York: 

Columbia University Press, 1972).

Qalandar

  See 

dervish

.

Qaramatians

  See i

smaili

 s

hiism

.

Qatar

  See g

ulf

 s

tates

.

qawwali

Qawwali is a form of Islamic 

mUsic

 that has 

recently gained popularity in Europe and the 

Americas by the pioneering efforts of the late 

great Pakistani singer Ustad Nusrat Fateh Ali 

Khan (1948–97), but its roots are over 600 

years old. Qawwali music is devotional music, 

traditionally sung by South Asian Sufi singers 

at religious festivals and Sufi shrines. A typical