Encyclopedia of Islam

India

  

357  J

---

and, above all, the sport of cricket. The rise of 

religious radicalism among Hindu and Muslim 

militants has torn at the fabric of the Indian polity, 

with violent outbursts at a

yodhya

 and Mumbai 

in 1992 and Gujarat in 2002. Such communal 

violence is very likely to cause further trouble 

at home in the foreseeable future, and it may 

also spill over the Indo-Pakistani border. Since 

both countries have recently acquired arsenals 

of nuclear weapons, the need for intercommunal 

peacemaking and conflict resolution on the local 

and regional levels is more important now than 

ever before.

See also a

zad

, a

bU

 

al

-k

alam

; b

arelWi

, s

ayyid

a

hmad

;  b

irUni

,  a

bU

  r

ayhan

 

al

-;  b

ohra

; 

cinema

; 

dhimmi

; F

araizi

 

movement

;  g

halib

,  m

irza

  a

sad

a

li

 k

han

; g

hazal

; 

government

, i

slamic

; h

indUism

and

 i

slam

; J

amiyyat

 U

lama

-

i

 h

ind

; n

epal

; o

rien

-

talism

; 

qawwali

.

Further reading: Jackie Assayag, At the Confluence of 

Two Rivers: Muslims and Hindus in South India (New 

Delhi: Manohar, 2004); Fred W. Clothey, Religion in 

India: A Historical Introduction (New York: Routledge, 

2006); Richard M. Eaton, ed., India’s Islamic Tradi-

tions, 711–1750 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 

2003); ———, “Temple Desecration and Indo-Mus-

lim States.” In Beyond Turk and Hindu: Rethinking 

Religious Identities in Islamicate South Asia, edited by 

David Gilmartin and Bruce B. Lawrence, 246–281 

(Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2000); John 

Norman Hollister, The Shia of India (1953. Reprint, 

New Delhi: Oriental Books Reprint Corporation, 

1979); Gordon Johnson, Cultural Atlas of India: India, 

Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka

(New York: Facts On File, 1996); Bruce B. Lawrence, 

“The Eastward Journey of Muslim Kingship: Islam 

in South and Southeast Asia.” In The Oxford His-

tory of the Muslim World, edited by John L. Esposito, 

395–431 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999); 

Barbara Metcalf and Thomas Metcalf, A Concise His-

tory of India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 

2002); David Pinault, “Shiism in South Asia.” Muslim 

World 87, nos. 3–4 (July–October 1997): 235–257.