Encyclopedia of Islam

Further reading: Audrey Burton, The Bukharans: A 

Dynastic, Diplomatic and Commercial History 1550–1702

(New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997); Adeeb Khalid, The 

Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform (Berkeley: Univer-

sity of California Press, 1998); Attilio Petrocciolli, ed., 

Bukhara: The Myth and the Architecture (Cambridge, 

Mass.: The Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture, 

1999).

Bukhari, Muhammad ibn Ismail

  See 

hadith

.

Bumiputra

Bumiputra is an official designation for the native, 

majority population of m

alaysia

 (about 58 per-

cent). A Sanskrit-Malay word meaning son of the 

Earth, it is applied to ethnic Malays, although 

there is some dispute as to exactly which of 

Malaysia’s different indigenous groups are actu-