Effect of Gasoline Fuel Additives on Combustion and Engine Performance



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5.3
 
Viscosity and Surface Tension Measurement of 
Experimental Fuels
 
The measured and literature based values of viscosity and surface tension are 
presented in Table 5.3. The fuel was controlled at 19.6 °C for all viscosity 
measurements while surface tension readings were carried out under ambient 
conditions that for the current set of experiments meant fuel temperature of 17.5 °C. 
Measurements for gasoline fuel mixed with additives were carried out only for ten 
time treat rate levels. 
Apart from fuels with low viscosity, the viscosity measurements were in good 
agreement between experimental and literature based values. Heptane and toluene 
measurements showed difficulties can arise with very low viscosity liquids, where 
values approximately twice as high as those reported in literature were measured.
Unlike the viscosity measurements where only low viscosities appeared to be 
overestimated compared to literature based values, surface tension measurements were 
higher throughout the measured range. Two potential sources of error can be used to 
explain the measurements.
Firstly, the surface tension equation as proposed by the apparatus manufacturer 
(Equation 3.1, page 79) does not take into account of the contact angle, ϑ, between the 
liquid surface and the wall of the capillary tube. Contact angle can be included in 
Equation 3.1 as [251]: 
𝜎 =
1
2
𝜌𝑔ℎ𝑟
cos 𝜗
5.1 
where the symbols are as stated in Section 3.1.4. It should be noted that difficulties in 
measuring the contact angle and the assumption that the liquid completely ‘wets’ the 
capillary wall (especially in cases where density of liquid is significantly larger than 
the density of air), the angle ϑ is often assumed as 0º and Equation 5.1 is represented 
as Equation 3.1. Furthermore, the contact angle is defined as ϑ < 90 for liquids that 
‘wet’ the tube wall and the term is likely to increase the calculated surface tension


5.3 Viscosity and Surface Tension Measurement of Experimental Fuels 
133 
Fuel 
Additive/Fuel Concentration 
Dynamic 
Viscosity, cP
(@ T = 19.6°C) 
Literature 
Viscosity, 
cP 
Surface 
Tension, 
dyn/cm
(@ T = 
17.5°C) 
Literature 
Surface 
Tension,
dyn/cm 
G
as
ol
ine
Base 
0.84 
0.88 
34.9 
21 
AS-A 
0.84 

34.9 

C-B 
0.85 

34.9 

CI-E 
0.86 

34.9 

CI-F 
0.85 

34.9 

CI-H 
0.84 

34.9 

CI-I 
0.85 

34.9 

DCA-A 
0.85 

34.9 

DCA-B 
0.84 

34.9 

DCA-C 
0.83 

34.9 

DCA-G 
0.84 

34.9 

DCA-M 
0.85 

34.9 

DCA-N 
0.86 

34.9 

DRA 
2.25 (@ 20.5°C) 

34.9 

DRA (After Injection) 
1.18 (@ 20.5°C) 



DRB 
2.20 (@ 20.5°C) 

34.9 

DRB (After Injection) 
1.25 (@ 20.5°C) 



FM-A 
0.85 

34.9 

FM-N 
0.88 

34.9 

FM-O 
0.85 

34.9 

Lauric Diethanolamide 
0.85 

34.9 

D
ies
el
Base 
3.54 
2-4.5 
44.9 
26.5 
A
lt
er
na
ti
v
e Fue
ls
100% Hexene 
0.68 
0.51 
29.7 
20.13 
75% Hexene/25% Dodecane 
0.78 

32.3 

50% Hexene/50% Dodecane 
0.92 

34.9 

25% Hexene/ 75% Dodecane 
1.04 

37.6 

100% Dodecane 
1.25 
1.36 
40.5 
25.35 
100% Heptane 
0.79 
0.386 
31.9 
20.14 
50% Heptane/50% Toluene 
0.89 

38.0 

100% Toluene 
1.02 
0.55 
46.8 
28.4 

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