Effect of Gasoline Fuel Additives on Combustion and Engine Performance


Table 5.3: Measured and literature based viscosity and surface tension values of all fuels



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Table 5.3: Measured and literature based viscosity and surface tension values of all fuels 
used in experiments, including base and additive bearing fuels and pure fuels with binary 
mixtures. Gasoline additive measurements were only carried out for 10 time treat rate 


5.3 Viscosity and Surface Tension Measurement of Experimental Fuels 
134 
value further resulting in even greater discrepancies between the measured and 
literature based values.
The other source of error could originate from the definition and measurement 
of capillary rise (term h in the equation) in the tube. As shown in Figure 5.16, in the 
literature, the capillary rise has been defined as the distance between the surrounding 
liquid surface to:
a)
the bottom of the miniscule (h
1
) [252],
b)
to the miniscule-wall interface (h
3
) [253]
c)
an unknown distance between the bottom and top of the miniscule (h
2
) [251] 
Figure 5.16: Liquid rise in capillary tube and proposed h definitions 
The equipment manufacturer had not specified which to use and in the current 
study the distance was taken as the one from the surrounding liquid surface to the 
miniscule-wall interface (h
3
) which gives the highest h value. Should the lowest point 
of miniscule have been selected (h
1
), reduced surface tension values could have been 
calculated. However, with the existing methods it was difficult to determine the lowest 
point of the miniscule. Moreover, since the results based on the liquid-wall interface 
to surrounding liquid level showed consistently proportionally higher surface tension 
values (~1.6 x literature values for all fuels) and the present study was interested in 
comparative changes in fuel properties, the method was seen as adequate. 
As was mentioned previously, changes in droplet sizes of binary mixtures of 
pure fuel seemed to change proportionately to the quantity of the component fuels.


5.3 Viscosity and Surface Tension Measurement of Experimental Fuels 
135 

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