Dvigatel dizayni va tasnifi

Dvigatel tizimi (umumiy ko'rinish)
Ichki yonish dvigateli tsilindrlarda yoqilg'ini yoqadi va uni aylantiradi
yonish yoki "portlash" ning aylanish kuchiga kengayish kuchi
transport vositasi. Ichki yonish dvigatellarining bir nechta turlari mavjud: ikki va to'rt davrli
pistonli dvigatellar, gaz turbinalari, erkin piston va aylanuvchi yonish
dvigatellar. To'rt tsiklli pistonli dvigatel shu darajada takomillashtirildiki, u
avtomobilsozlik sohasida deyarli to'liq ustunlikka ega.
Dvigatel - bu avtomobilning yuragi. U yoqilg'ini energiyaga aylantiradi
avtomobilga quvvat beradi. Ishlash uchun yoqilg'i uchun toza havo, suv uchun
sovutish, yoqilg'ini yoqish uchun elektr energiyasi (u ishlab chiqaradigan) va moylash uchun moy. A
batareya va elektr starter uni ishga tushiradi.
Charlz va Frenk Duryea 1892 yilda birinchi Amerika avtomobilini qurishdi. Qishda
1895/96 yillarda ular birinchi otsiz aravaga aylangan 13 Duryea ishlab chiqardilar
Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarida muntazam ravishda ishlab chiqariladi.
1900 yilda Nyu-Yorkdagi birinchi Milliy avtomobil ko'rgazmasida tashrif buyuruvchilar
ko'pchilik elektromobilni tanladi. Ko'pchilik benzinli dvigatel haqida o'ylardi
hech qachon davom etmasdi. Dvigatelning tanqidchilaridan biri bu shovqinli, ishonchsiz va deb yozgan
fil; u "protezlarini bo'shatib qo'yadigan" darajada shiddatli tebranishini. U davom etdi
benzinli dvigatel hech qachon Amerikaning omili bo'lmaydi, degan fikrni bildiring
rivojlanayotgan avtomobil sanoati. Odamlar benzinli dvigatellardan qo'rqishdi
portlash. Motorweek jurnali ularni "portlovchi moddalar" deb atagan. Ko'rgazmada, a
paqir brigadasi har safar "portlovchi" tirnalganida yonida turardi. Biroq,
atigi uch yil o'tgach, xuddi shu ko'rgazmada, ichki to'rt zarbali avtomobillar soni
yonish benzinli dvigatellar keskin ko'tarildi.
Oddiy avtomobil dvigatelining har bir "tsilindri" oldinga va orqaga harakatlanadigan "piston" ga ega
silindr ichida (bu "o'zaro" deb ataladi). Har bir pistonga ulangan
"Birlashtiruvchi novda" deb nomlanuvchi bog'lanish orqali "krank mili".

Ot kuchi
Ot kuchi - bu qurilmaning ishlash tezligini o'lchash uchun quvvat birligi

mexanik ish. Uning qisqartmasi hp. Bir ot kuchi miqdori sifatida belgilangan
bir daqiqada 33 000 funt bir oyoqni ko'tarish uchun zarur bo'lgan quvvat.
Yog 'og'irliklari
Yog 'og'irligi yoki yopishqoqligi yog'ning qanchalik qalin yoki ingichka ekanligini anglatadi. Harorat
Avtomobil muhandislari jamiyati (SAE) tomonidan moyga qo'yiladigan talablar 0 daraja F
(past) va 210 daraja F (yuqori).
SAE past harorat talablariga javob beradigan yog'lar yopishqoqlikdan keyin "W" ga ega
reyting (misol: 10W) ​​va yuqori ko'rsatkichlarga javob beradigan moylarda harflar yo'q (misol
SAE 30). Bir moy ma'lum bir haroratga qizdirish orqali yopishqoqlik uchun baholanadi va
keyin maxsus o'lchamdagi teshikdan oqib chiqishiga imkon beradi. Uning yopishqoqlik darajasi
teshikdan oqib chiquvchi vaqt uzunligi bilan aniqlanadi. Agar u tez oqsa, u
past baho oladi. Agar u sekin oqsa, u yuqori baho oladi.
Dvigatellar sovuq ishga tushirish uchun etarlicha yupqa bo'lgan yog 'kerak va yoqilganda etarlicha qalin
dvigatel issiq. Yog' qizdirilganda yupqaroq, sovutilganda esa qalinroq bo'lganligi sababli, ko'pchilik
biz ko'p navli yoki ko'p yopishqoqlik deb ataladigan moylardan foydalanamiz. Ushbu moylar SAE ga javob beradi
engil moy va yuqori past harorat talablari uchun spetsifikatsiyalar
og'ir yog'ning harorat talablari. Siz ularni multiviskozite, butun mavsum va har qanday ob-havo moylari deb atalishini eshitasiz.
Yog 'tanlashda har doim ishlab chiqaruvchining tavsiyalariga amal qiling.
qistirmalari
Qayta ishlangan bo'g'inlarni mahkamlash uchun dvigatelingizga qistirmalari va qistirmalari kerak bo'ladi va
suyuqlik va gazlarning (neft, benzin, sovutish suvi, yoqilg'i bug'lari, chiqindi gazlar va boshqalar) oldini olish uchun.
oqayotgan.
Silindr boshi sovutish tizimidagi suvni u bilan bir vaqtda ushlab turishi kerak
yonish bosimini o'z ichiga oladi. Po'lat, mis va asbestdan yasalgan qistirmalari
silindr boshi va dvigatel bloki o'rtasida ishlatiladi. Chunki vosita kengayadi va
isitish va sovutish bilan shartnomalar, u bo'g'imlarning oqish oson, shuning uchun qistirmalari bor
kengayish va qisqarishga moslashish uchun etarlicha yumshoq va "bahorli" bo'lish. Ular ham
birlashtiruvchi qismlardagi har qanday nosimmetrikliklar uchun to'ldirish kerak.
To'rt zarbali piston sikli
1876 ​​yilda doktor Otto ismli nemis muhandisi ishlaydigan dvigatel ishlab chiqardi
to'rt zarbali yoki Otto sikli. "To'rt zarb" piston zarbalari sonini bildiradi
siklni bajarish uchun talab qilinadi (sikl doimiy takrorlanadigan ketma-ketlikdir
operatsiyalar). Buni bajarish uchun krank milining ikkita to'liq aylanishi kerak bo'ladi
tsikl.
Birinchi zarba - qabul qilish zarbasi. Piston silindr bo'ylab harakatlanadi va hosil qiladi
silindrdagi qisman vakuum. Kirish orqali havo va yoqilg'i aralashmasi majburan o'tadi
Atmosfera bosimi bilan silindrga valf, endi ichidagi bosimdan kattaroq
silindr. Ushbu zarba paytida egzoz valfi yopiq qoladi.
Ikkinchi zarba - siqish zarbasi. Piston silindrda yuqoriga siljiydi
ikkala vana yopiq holda. Havo va yonilg'i aralashmasi siqilgan va bosim
ko'tariladi.
Uchinchi zarba - quvvat zarbasi. Siqish zarbasining oxiriga yaqin, havo
va yonilg'i aralashmasi shamdan elektr uchqun bilan yonadi. Yonish
Bu haroratning oshishiga va pistonni majburlash uchun etarli bosimga olib keladi
yana pastga.
Nihoyat, to'rtinchi zarba yoki egzoz zarbasida piston yana yuqoriga ko'tariladi va
yondirilgan gazlarni tsilindrdan tashqariga va egzoz tizimiga majbur qiladi. Bu tsikl

Dvigatel konfiguratsiyasi

V tipidagi dvigatellar

V tipidagi dvigatelda (odatda) to'qson daraja burchak ostida ikkita qator silindr mavjud.
bir-biri. Uning afzalliklari uning qisqa uzunligi, blokning katta qattiqligi, uning
og'ir krank mili va jozibali past profil (past kaputli avtomobil uchun). Ushbu turdagi
vosita ostida blok buzilishi holda juda yuqori siqish nisbatlarini o'zini qarz
yuk, burilish tebranishiga qarshilik va yo'qotmasdan qisqaroq avtomobil uzunligi
yo'lovchilar xonasi.
1914 yilda Cadillac AQShda V-8 dvigatelidan foydalangan birinchi kompaniya bo'ldi
uning mashinalari.
In-layn dvigatellarda silindrlar birin-ketin to'g'ri chiziqda joylashgan. In
vertikal holatda, ishlatiladigan silindrlar soni odatda to'rt yoki olti, lekin
uchta silindrli avtomobillar keng tarqalgan.
Aylanadigan dvigatel
Aylanadigan yoki Wankel dvigatelida piston yo'q, u o'rniga rotorlardan foydalanadi (odatda ikkita).
Bu dvigatel kichik, ixcham va kavisli, cho'zinchoq ichki shaklga ega (an
"epitroxoid" egri). Uning markaziy rotori faqat bir yo'nalishda aylanadi, lekin u hammasini ishlab chiqaradi
to'rtta zarba (qabul qilish, siqish, quvvat va egzoz) samarali.
Yassi (gorizontal qarama-qarshi) dvigatellar
Gorizontal qarama-qarshi dvigatel V tipidagi dvigatelga o'xshaydi, u qadar tekislangan
ikkala bank ham gorizontal tekislikda yotadi. Bu vertikal bo'shliq bo'lgan o'rnatish uchun ideal
cheklangan, chunki u juda past balandlikka ega.
Yuqori eksantrik mili (OHC)
Ba'zi dvigatellarda eksantrik mili yuqorida yoki silindr boshining o'rniga o'rnatilgan
blokning ichki qismidan (OHC "yuqori eksantrik mili" dvigatellari). Ushbu tartib mavjud
rocker qo'llari va surish rodlarining qo'shimcha og'irligini yo'qotish afzalligi; bu
og'irlik ba'zan yuqori tezlikda harakatlanayotganda klapanlarni "suzishi" mumkin.
Roker qo'lni o'rnatish eksantrik milining to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ishqalanishi bilan boshqariladi
roker. Poyadan rokchigacha bo'lgan masofa gidravlik klapan kirpik sozlagichi bilan saqlanadi
"nol" tozalash uchun.
Yuqori eksantrik mili ham biz nisbatan yangi deb hisoblaydigan narsadir
rivojlanish, lekin unday emas. 1898 yilda Wilkinson Motor Car kompaniyasi avtomobilni taqdim etdi
mashinada bir xil xususiyat.
Ikki tomonlama eksantrik mili (DOHC)
Ikki tomonlama eksantrik mili (DOHC) yuqori eksantrik mili bilan bir xil,
faqat bitta o'rniga ikkita eksantrik mili mavjud.
Yuqori valf (OHV)
Yuqori valfli dvigatelda (OHV) klapanlar silindr boshiga o'rnatiladi,
yonish kamerasi ustida. Odatda bu turdagi dvigatel eksantrik miliga ega
silindr blokiga o'rnatiladi va klapanlar surish rodlari bilan ochiladi va yopiladi.
Ko'p valfli dvigatellar
Barcha dvigatellarda bir nechta valf mavjud; "multivalve" bu turdagi haqiqatni bildiradi
dvigatelda bitta tsilindrda bir nechta egzoz yoki qabul qilish klapanlari mavjud.

Timing Timing refers to the delivery of the ignition spark, or the opening and closing of the engine valves, depending on the piston's position, for the power stroke. The timing chain is driven by a sprocket on the crankshaft and also drives the camshaft sprocket. Vacuum System (Importance of) Engines run on a vacuum system. A vacuum exists in an area where the pressure is lower than the atmosphere outside of it. Reducing the pressure inside of something causes suction. For example, when you drink soda through a straw, the atmospheric pressure in the air pushes down on your soda and pushes it up into your mouth. The same principal applies to your engine. When the piston travels down in the cylinder it lowers the atmospheric pressure in the cylinder and forms a vacuum. This vacuum is used to draw in the air and fuel mixture for combustion. The vacuum created in your engine not only pulls the fuel into the combustion chamber, it also serves many other functions. The running engine causes the carburetor and the intake manifold to produce "vacuum power," which is harnessed for the operation of several other devices. Vacuum is used in the ignition-distributor vacuum-advance mechanism. At part throttle, the vacuum causes the spark to give thinner mixtures more time to burn. The positive crankcase ventilating system (PCV) uses the vacuum to remove vapor and exhaust gases from the crankcase. The vapor recovery system uses the vacuum to trap fuel from the carburetor float bowl and fuel tank in a canister. Starting the engine causes the vacuum port in the canister to pull fresh air into the canister to clean out the trapped fuel vapor. Vacuum from the intake manifold creates the heated air system that helps to warm up your carburetor when it's cold. The EGR valve (exhaust-gas recirculation system) works, because of vacuum, to reduce pollutants produced by the engine. Many air conditioning systems use the vacuum from the intake manifold to open and close air-conditioner doors to produce the heated air and cooled air required inside your vehicle. Intake manifold vacuum also is used for the braking effort in power brakes. When you push the brake pedal down, a valve lets the vacuum into one section of the power-brake unit. The atmospheric pressure moves a piston or diaphragm to provide the braking action. Rotary Engine One alternative to conventional automobile power is the rotary (or Wankel) engine. Although it is widely known that Felix Wankel built a rotary engine in 1955, it is also a fact that Elwood Haynes made one in 1893! Dispensing with separate cylinders, pistons, valves and crankshaft, the rotary engine applies power directly to the transmission. Its construction allows it to provide the power of a conventional engine that is twice its size and weight and that has twice as many parts. The Wankel burns as much as 20%% more fuel than the conventional engine and is potentially a high polluter, but its small size allows the addition of emission-control parts more conveniently than does the piston engine. The basic unit of the rotary engine is a large combustion chamber in the form of a pinched oval (called an epitrochoid). Within this chamber all four functions of a piston take place simultaneously in the three pockets that are formed between the rotor and the chamber wall. Just as the addition of cylinders increases the horsepower of a pistonpowered engine, so the addition of combustion chambers increases the power of a rotary engine. Larger cars may eventually use rotaries with three or four rotors. Combustion Chamber The combustion chamber is where the air-fuel mixture is burned. The location of the combustion chamber is the area between the top of the piston at what is known as TDC (top dead center) and the cylinder head. TDC is the piston's position when it has reached the top of the cylinder, and the center line of the connecting rod is parallel to the cylinder walls. The two most commonly used types of combustion chamber are the hemispherical and the wedge shape combustion chambers. The hemispherical type is so named because it resembles a hemisphere. It is compact and allows high compression with a minimum of detonation. The valves are placed on two planes, enabling the use of larger valves. This improves "breathing" in the combustion chamber. This type of chamber loses a little less heat than other types. Because the hemispherical combustion chamber is so efficient, it is often used, even though it costs more to produce. The wedge type combustion chamber resembles a wedge in shape. It is part of the cylinder head. It is also very efficient, and more easily and cheaply produced than the hemispherical type. Intake Stroke The first stroke is the intake stroke. The piston moves down the cylinder and creates a partial vacuum in the cylinder. A mixture of air and fuel is forced through the inlet valve into the cylinder by atmospheric pressure, now greater than the pressure in the cylinder. During this stroke, the exhaust valve stays closed. Compression Stroke The second stroke is the compression stroke. The piston moves up in the cylinder with both valves closed. The air and fuel mixture is compressed and the pressure rises. Power Stroke The third stroke is the power stroke. Near the end of the compression stroke, the air and fuel mixture is ignited by an electric spark from the spark plug. The combustion that occurs causes a rise in temperature and enough pressure to force the piston down again. Exhaust Stroke On the fourth stroke, or exhaust stroke, the piston moves up again and forces the burned gases out of the cylinder and into the exhaust system.

Dvigatel avtomobilingizning yuragi. Bu yonayotgan gazdan issiqlikni yo'l g'ildiraklarini aylantiruvchi kuchga aylantirish uchun qurilgan murakkab mashina.

Ushbu maqsadga erishadigan reaktsiyalar zanjiri uchqun orqali harakatga keltiriladi, u bir lahzalik muhrlangan silindr ichidagi benzin bug'lari va siqilgan havo aralashmasini yoqadi va uning tez yonishiga olib keladi. Shuning uchun mashina deyiladi ichki yonish dvigateli . Aralashmaning yonishi natijasida u kengayib, mashinani boshqarish uchun quvvat beradi.

Og'ir ish yukiga bardosh berish uchun vosita mustahkam tuzilishga ega bo'lishi kerak. U ikkita asosiy qismdan iborat: pastki, og'irroq qism silindr bloki, dvigatelning asosiy harakatlanuvchi qismlari uchun korpus; sökülebilir ustki qopqoq silindr boshidir.

Tsilindr boshi havo va yonilg'i aralashmasi tsilindrlarga kiradigan valf bilan boshqariladigan yo'llarni va boshqalarni o'z ichiga oladi, ular orqali ularning yonishi natijasida hosil bo'lgan gazlar chiqariladi.

Blokda pistonlarning o'zaro harakatini krank milidagi aylanish harakatiga aylantiradigan krank mili mavjud. Ko'pincha blokda eksantrik mili ham joylashgan bo'lib, u silindr boshidagi valflarni ochadigan va yopadigan mexanizmlarni boshqaradi. Ba'zan eksantrik mili boshida yoki uning ustiga o'rnatiladi.

Turli xil dvigatel sxemalari
Inline dvigatel

Eng oddiy va eng keng tarqalgan dvigatel turi bir-biriga yaqin joylashgan to'rtta vertikal tsilindrni o'z ichiga oladi. Bu in-line dvigateli sifatida tanilgan. Hajmi 2000 kub kubometrdan ortiq bo'lgan avtomobillarda ko'pincha oltita silindr mavjud.

V-8 dvigateli

Ba'zi avtomashinalarda, ayniqsa sakkiz yoki 12 silindrli, ba'zilarida olti silindrli avtomobillarda yanada ixcham V-dvigatel o'rnatilgan. Bu erda silindrlar bir-biriga qarama-qarshi 90 gradusgacha burchak ostida joylashgan.

Gorizontal qarama-qarshi dvigatel

Ba'zi dvigatellar gorizontal ravishda qarama-qarshi silindrlarga ega. Ular V-dvigatelning kengaytmasi bo'lib, burchak 180 gradusgacha kengaytirilgan. Afzalliklar balandlikni tejashda, shuningdek, muvozanatning ba'zi jihatlarida yotadi.

Pistonlar ishlaydigan tsilindrlar, dvigatelni moylaydigan moy filtri va yonilg'i uchun nasos kabi yordamchi uskunalar uchun o'rnatish moslamalari blokga quyiladi. Karterning ostidan murvat bilan biriktirilgan, karter deb ataladigan neft rezervuari.


Ichki yonuv dvigatellari ajoyib haydash va chidamlilikni ta'minlaydi, ularga Qo'shma Shtatlardagi 250 milliondan ortiq avtomobil yo'l transporti tayanadi. Benzin yoki dizel yoqilg'isi bilan bir qatorda ular qayta tiklanadigan yoki muqobil yoqilg'idan (masalan, tabiiy gaz, propan, biodizel yoki etanol) ham foydalanishlari mumkin. Ular, shuningdek, yonilg'i tejamkorligini oshirish uchun gibrid elektr stansiyalari yoki gibrid elektr transport vositalarining assortimentini kengaytirish uchun qo'shiladigan gibrid elektr tizimlari bilan birlashtirilishi mumkin.